The role of cognitive effort in subjective reward devaluation and risky decision-making.
The role of cognitive effort in subjective reward devaluation and risky decision-making.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1038/srep16880
复制
发表时间：
2015-11-20
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Husain M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Apps MA;Grima LL;Manohar S;Husain M
动机是以成本效益评估为基础的，其中成本（如体力劳动或结果风险）主观上与可用的奖励进行权衡。然而，在许多环境中，风险并不涉及结果的差异，而是涉及获得回报所需的可能努力水平的差异（努力风险）。此外，动机往往受到认知努力（而非身体努力）对奖励的贬值程度（努力折扣）的指导。然而，很少有人知道的机制，认知努力的风险或折扣的动机的影响。我们使用了两个成本效益决策任务，以探讨主观敏感性的认知努力（空间注意力转移的数量）和努力的风险。我们的研究结果表明，空间注意力转移时，监测快速呈现的视觉刺激被视为努力和贬值的奖励。此外，大多数人都厌恶风险，更喜欢安全、已知的努力量，而不是有风险的提议。然而，他们的努力和风险敏感度之间没有相关性。我们第一次表明，人们是厌恶的差异，在可能的认知努力施加。这些结果表明，认知努力敏感性和风险敏感性是由不同的心理和神经生物学机制。
Motivation is underpinned by cost-benefit valuations where costs—such as physical effort or outcome risk—are subjectively weighed against available rewards. However, in many environments risks pertain not to the variance of outcomes, but to variance in the possible levels of effort required to obtain rewards (effort risks). Moreover, motivation is often guided by the extent to which cognitive—not physical—effort devalues rewards (effort discounting). Yet, very little is known about the mechanisms that underpin the influence of cognitive effort risks or discounting on motivation. We used two cost-benefit decision-making tasks to probe subjective sensitivity to cognitive effort (number of shifts of spatial attention) and to effort risks. Our results show that shifts of spatial attention when monitoring rapidly presented visual stimuli are perceived as effortful and devalue rewards. Additionally, most people are risk-averse, preferring safe, known amounts of effort over risky offers. However, there was no correlation between their effort and risk sensitivity. We show for the first time that people are averse to variance in the possible amount of cognitive effort to be exerted. These results suggest that cognitive effort sensitivity and risk sensitivity are underpinned by distinct psychological and neurobiological mechanisms.