Multi-camera real-time three-dimensional tracking of multiple flying animals.
Multi-camera real-time three-dimensional tracking of multiple flying animals.
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DOI：
10.1098/rsif.2010.0230
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发表时间：
2011-03-06
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Dickinson MH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Straw AD;Branson K;Neumann TR;Dickinson MH
动物运动的自动跟踪允许进行分析，否则通过提供大量数据是不可能的。额外的实时跟踪能力--以最小的延迟--开启了操纵感觉反馈的实验可能性，从而允许详细探索控制行为的神经基础。在这里，我们描述了一个能够跟踪苍蝇和鸟类等动物的三维位置和身体方向的系统。该系统的运行延迟不到40ms，可以同时跟踪多个动物。为了实现这些结果，提出了一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波和最近邻标准滤波数据关联算法的多目标跟踪算法。在一种实现中，11个摄像头的系统能够使用由9台标准英特尔奔腾4和酷睿2双计算机组成的千兆位网络，以每秒60帧的速度同时跟踪三只苍蝇。这篇手稿介绍了所采用的算法的基本原理和细节，并展示了该系统的三个实现。利用该跟踪系统进行了一项实验，以测量视觉对比度对果蝇飞行速度的影响。在低对比度下，速度比高对比度时更不稳定，速度也更快。因此，该系统已经成为研究自由飞行动物神经生物学和行为的有用工具。如果与其他技术相结合，如虚拟现实类型的计算机图形或基因操作，该跟踪系统将为研究飞行动物的生物学提供一种强大的新方法。
Automated tracking of animal movement allows analyses that would not otherwise be possible by providing great quantities of data. The additional capability of tracking in real time—with minimal latency—opens up the experimental possibility of manipulating sensory feedback, thus allowing detailed explorations of the neural basis for control of behaviour. Here, we describe a system capable of tracking the three-dimensional position and body orientation of animals such as flies and birds. The system operates with less than 40 ms latency and can track multiple animals simultaneously. To achieve these results, a multi-target tracking algorithm was developed based on the extended Kalman filter and the nearest neighbour standard filter data association algorithm. In one implementation, an 11-camera system is capable of tracking three flies simultaneously at 60 frames per second using a gigabit network of nine standard Intel Pentium 4 and Core 2 Duo computers. This manuscript presents the rationale and details of the algorithms employed and shows three implementations of the system. An experiment was performed using the tracking system to measure the effect of visual contrast on the flight speed of Drosophila melanogaster. At low contrasts, speed is more variable and faster on average than at high contrasts. Thus, the system is already a useful tool to study the neurobiology and behaviour of freely flying animals. If combined with other techniques, such as ‘virtual reality’-type computer graphics or genetic manipulation, the tracking system would offer a powerful new way to investigate the biology of flying animals.
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影响因子：
2.8
作者：
Hedrick, T. L.;Biewener, A. A.
通讯作者：
Biewener, A. A.
影响因子：
1.8
作者：
DVORAK, D;SRINIVASAN, MV;FRENCH, AS
通讯作者：
FRENCH, AS
影响因子：
1.5
作者：
DAVID, CT
通讯作者：
DAVID, CT
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Ballerini, Michele;Cabibbo, Nicola;Zdravkovic, Vladimir
通讯作者：
Zdravkovic, Vladimir
DOI：
10.1007/bf00612014
发表时间：
1982-01-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
DAVID, CT
通讯作者：
DAVID, CT