Penetration patterns of monomeric and polymeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate monomer in human skin.
Penetration patterns of monomeric and polymeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate monomer in human skin.
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单体和聚合 1,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯单体在人体皮肤中的渗透模式。
DOI：
10.1039/c2em10546b
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Nylander-French,LeenaA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Thomasen,JenniferM;Nylander-French,LeenaA
我们研究了单体和聚合物1,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯（HDI）在暴露后5、10、30或60分钟在切除的全层人体皮肤中的渗透模式，实验和作为商业产品的一部分。我们观察到单体和聚合HDI都很容易被皮肤吸收，并且透明涂层的组成影响单个异氰酸酯的渗透速率。测定了HDI单体、双缩脲和异氰脲酸酯的短期吸收率，并用于估计达到等于美国政府工业卫生学家会议（ACGIH）吸入阈值（TLV）或俄勒冈州职业暴露限值（OEL）所需的暴露时间。俄勒冈州是美国唯一颁布基于hdi的多异氰酸酯、双缩脲和异氰脲酸酯短期接触限值的政府实体。根据10分钟（1.33 μg cm−2 h−1）或60分钟（0.219 μg cm−2 h−1）后的吸收率，我们计算出，要达到与ACGIH TLV相当的HDI剂量，分别需要6.5分钟和40分钟的皮肤暴露。对于双缩脲，慢干透明涂层达到与俄勒冈OEL相当剂量的时间（<31分钟）远短于快干透明涂层（618分钟）。无论透明涂层配方如何，异氰脲酸酯的皮肤吸收时间最短（14 s-1.7 min）。这些结果表明，通过皮肤暴露于含hdi的透明涂层所接受的剂量有很大可能超过在既定监管限值下通过吸入暴露所接受的剂量。目前迫切需要定量监测接触工人的皮肤接触情况，使用适当的防护设备减少皮肤接触，并重新评估异氰酸酯的监管接触限值。
We investigated penetration patterns of monomeric and polymeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), experimentally and as part of commercial products, in excised full-thickness human skin at 5, 10, 30, or 60 min after exposure. We observed that both monomeric and polymeric HDI were readily absorbed into the skin and that the clearcoat composition affects the penetration rate of the individual isocyanates. The short-term absorption rates for HDI monomer, biuret, and isocyanurate were determined and used to estimate the exposure time required to reach a body burden equal to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) inhalation threshold limit value (TLV) or Oregon State occupational exposure limit (OEL). Oregon is the only government entity in the United States to promulgate a short-term exposure limit (STEL) for HDI-based polyisocyanates biuret and isocyanurate. Based on these absorption rates for a slow-drying clearcoat after 10 min (1.33 μg cm−2 h−1) or 60 min (0.219 μg cm−2 h−1), we calculated that 6.5 and 40 min dermal exposure, respectively, is required to achieve a dose of HDI equivalent to the ACGIH TLV. For biuret, the time to achieve a dose equivalent to the Oregon OEL for slow-drying clearcoat was much shorter (<31 min) than that for fast-drying clearcoat (618 min). Isocyanurate had the shortest skin absorption times regardless of clearcoat formulation (14 s–1.7 min). These results indicate that the dose received through dermal exposure to HDI-containing clearcoats has a significant potential to exceed the dose equivalent to that received through inhalation exposure at established regulatory limits. A critical need exists to monitor dermal exposure quantitatively in exposed workers, to use proper protective equipment to reduce dermal exposure, and to re-evaluate regulatory exposure limits for isocyanates.