The vital city: public analysis, dairies and slaughterhouses in nineteenth-century Britain
The vital city: public analysis, dairies and slaughterhouses in nineteenth-century Britain
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充满活力的城市：十九世纪英国的公众分析、乳品厂和屠宰场
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发表时间：
2006
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通讯作者：
Chris Otter
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作者：
Chris Otter
尽管在古典政治经济学的前提下，敦促对重要商品的生产和流通进行有限的干预，但19世纪的英国政府开始大量参与城市食品供应。本文探讨了这种政府干预明显的三个领域：致力于食品化学采样的公共分析师网络的构建，对乳制品行业的加强监管，以及公共屠宰场的建设。尽管这些监管体系暗示了一种积极的、干预性的政府形式，但它们在本质上仍然可以被视为大体上自由的：它们通常涉及相当程度的授权、实用主义和谈判，而且它们的实施缓慢且地理位置参差不齐。尽管如此，到1900年，城市营养实践的实质性变化是可以察觉的。到那个时候，英国城市里生产的食物很少：许多食物来自英国的偏远地区或海外，而且供应比前几个世纪更多地是通过技术手段来调节的。在牛奶和肉类贸易中，我们可以看到工业化的第一步。因此，确保城市的活力需要制定不同的监管战略和出现新的营养地理区域，这两者都将极大地塑造二十世纪的饮食历史。
Despite the premises of classical political economy, which urged limited intervention in the production and circulation of vital commodities, nineteenth-century British government became heavily involved in the urban food supply. This paper explores three areas where such governmental intervention was evident: the constitution of a network of public analysts devoted to the chemical sampling of foodstuffs, the increasing regulation of the dairy industry, and the construction of public abattoirs. Although these regulatory systems suggest an active, interventionary form of government, they can still be seen as broadly liberal in nature: they usually involved a substantial degree of delegation, pragmatism and negotiation, and their implementation was slow and geographically patchy. Nonetheless, substantial changes in urban nutritional practices can be discerned by 1900. By this time, little food was produced within British cities: much came from remote parts of Britain or overseas, and the supply was far more technologically-mediated than in earlier centuries. In the milk and meat trades, we can see the first moves towards industrialisation. Securing the vitality of the city, therefore, had entailed the development of distinct regulatory strategies and the emergence of new nutritional geographies, both of which would significantly shape the dietary history of the twentieth century.