Achieving zero carbon targets in buildings without compromising health and wellbeing of occupants – a new FM research direction
Achieving zero carbon targets in buildings without compromising health and wellbeing of occupants – a new FM research direction
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在不损害居住者健康和福祉的情况下实现建筑物零碳目标——新的 FM 研究方向
DOI：
10.1108/jfm-05-2015-0014
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
K. Hadjri
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Liyanage;K. Hadjri
英国通过《气候变化法案》（2008 年），旨在确保 2050 年英国净碳排放量比 1990 年基线至少低 80%。为了实现这一目标，所有部门的排放量都必须减少，同时可再生能源产量预计将增加。目前，建筑物的二氧化碳排放和能源使用通过建筑法规和 2002 年 4 月 1 日生效的“批准文件 L 部分燃料和电力节约”（零碳中心，2013 年）进行控制。L 部分建筑法规的主要目标是在建筑物中创建一个密封良好的围护结构，并加上适量的隔热材料。从能源角度来看，这是非常有益的，因为密封性更好、隔热性更好的建筑物变得更加“气密”，从而允许较低的透气性/泄漏，从而最大限度地减少热量/能量损失。然而，人们担心，为了追求能源效率而采用的低透气性可能会导致污染物积聚和/或在某些情况下导致湿度过高。根据豪伊森等人的说法。 （2014），一座气密的建筑物需要有足够的通风。否则，渗透减少导致的换气不足可能会导致室内空气质量 (IAQ) 水平较差，从而导致室内污染物积聚，对建筑物居住者造成潜在危险（Crump 等人，2009 年）。潮湿是建筑物中最常见的污染物之一。其他常见的室内空气污染物包括 CO、CO2、NO2、气味、挥发性有机化合物 (VOC)、过敏原和霉菌（Energy Saving Trust，2006）。据估计，不良的室内空气质量每年造成约 200 万伤残调整生命年 (DALY)，约占欧洲所有疾病总负担的 3%（EFA，2013 年）。室内空气可能比外部空气受到更严重的污染，并且由于人们大约 60-90% 的时间在室内度过（Slezakova 等，2012），即使是密闭建筑中的少量污染物也会显着增加居住者接触污染物的机会，并可能影响他们的健康和福祉（WHO，2009）。
The UK, through the Climate Change Act (2008), aims to ensure that the net UK carbon account for the year 2050 is at least 80% lower than the 1990 baseline. In order for this target to be realised, emissions from all sectors will have to be reduced, while at the same time renewable energy production is expected to increase. Currently, CO2 emissions and the energy use of buildings are controlled through Building Regulations and ‘Approved Document Part L Conservation of fuel and power’ (Zero Carbon Hub, 2013), which came into force on 1st April 2002. The main target of Part L Building Regulations is to create a well-sealed envelope, coupled with the right amount of insulation in buildings. In energy terms, this is highly beneficial, as better-sealed and better-insulated buildings become more ‘air tight’, thus allowing low air permeability/leakages to minimise heat/energy loss. However, there is a concern that low air permeability in pursuit of energy efficiency can lead to a build-up of pollutants and/or to excessive moisture levels in some circumstances. According to Howieson et al. (2014), a building that is airtight, needs to have adequate ventilation. If not, insufficient air changes caused by reduced infiltrations may lead to poor Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) levels, which could lead to a build-up of indoor pollutants that are potentially dangerous to building occupants (Crump et al, 2009). Dampness is one of the most common pollutants found in buildings. The other common indoor air pollutants include CO, CO2, NO2, odours, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), allergens, and mould (Energy Saving Trust, 2006). It is estimated that poor IAQ is responsible for around two million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) per year, which is about 3% of the total burden of all diseases in Europe (EFA, 2013). Indoor air could be much more polluted than external air, and as people spend around 60-90% of their time indoor (Slezakova et al, 2012), even minor amounts of pollutants in airtight buildings can significantly increase the occupants’ exposure to pollutants and may affect their health and wellbeing (WHO, 2009).