High Energy or Protein Concentrations in Food as Possible Offsets for Cyanide Consumption by Specialized Bamboo Lemurs in Madagascar
High Energy or Protein Concentrations in Food as Possible Offsets for Cyanide Consumption by Specialized Bamboo Lemurs in Madagascar
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DOI：
10.1007/s10764-017-9987-4
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发表时间：
2017-08
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
T. Eppley;C. Tan;S. Arrigo‐Nelson;G. Donati;D. Ballhorn;J. Ganzhorn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Eppley;C. Tan;S. Arrigo‐Nelson;G. Donati;D. Ballhorn;J. Ganzhorn
产生有毒植物次生代谢产物(PSM)的植物会阻止食叶者以它们为食。能够应对有毒PSM的动物拥有比其他物种更具竞争优势的利基市场。然而，处理有毒PSM的能力会产生解毒的成本。为了评估摄入有毒PSM的可能补偿，我们比较了竹狐猴(Hapalemur属和Prolemur属；马达加斯加的链猴灵长类)在有和没有竹子的地区消耗的植物的化学质量。一些竹狐猴摄取的竹子中的氰化物浓度是哺乳动物平均致死剂量的10-50倍，我们推测，摄取氰化物的动物需要补充蛋白质或随时可用的能量来解毒。我们比较了马达加斯加拉诺马法纳常绿雨林中三种主要以竹子为食(80%的时间)的竹狐猴的食物化学成分，与两个没有高氰化物植物的地点(Lac Alaotra的芦苇床和曼德纳的常绿滨海森林)以及不以竹子为食的同域食叶狐猴的食物进行了比较。在没有竹子的地区，以竹子为食的狐猴消耗的蛋白质是竹子狐猴的两倍，而以树叶为食的共生狐猴物种。非结构性碳水化合物(一种能量来源)的浓度显示出相反的趋势。这一结果支持了这样的假设，即以生氰植物为食与蛋白质的高摄入量有关，无论是作为蛋白质的来源，还是作为可用于解毒的含硫氨基酸的来源。然而，由于竹子中的蛋白质浓度很高，我们不能区分吃竹子的狐猴针对更高蛋白质食物的假说和以竹子为食的狐猴不可避免地获得比以树叶为食的动物更高浓度的蛋白质的假说，而没有额外的营养益处。
Plants producing toxic plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) deter folivores from feeding on them. Animals that can cope with noxious PSMs have a niche with a competitive advantage over other species. However, the ability to cope with toxic PSMs incurs the costs of detoxification. To assess possible compensations for the ingestion of toxic PSMs, we compare the chemical quality of plants consumed by bamboo lemurs (generaHapalemurandProlemur; strepsirrhine primates of Madagascar) in areas with and without bamboo. Some bamboo lemurs consume bamboo containing concentrations of cyanogenic substances 10–50 times above the average lethal dosage for mammals, and we postulate that animals consuming cyanogenic substances need supplementary protein or readily available energy for detoxification. We compared the chemical composition of food consumed by three species of bamboo lemurs that feed mainly (>80% of their time) on bamboo in the evergreen rainforest of Ranomafana (Madagascar) with published data of the diets of bamboo lemurs at two sites without highly cyanogenic plants (reed beds of Lac Alaotra and the evergreen littoral forest of Mandena) and with food of sympatric folivorous lemur species that do not feed on bamboo. Lemurs feeding on bamboo consumed up to twice as much protein as bamboo lemurs in areas without bamboo and sympatric lemur species that feed on leaves of trees. Concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates (a source of energy) showed the opposite trend. This result supports the hypothesis that feeding on cyanogenic plants is linked to high protein intake, either as a source of protein or for sulfur-containing amino acids that can be used for detoxification. Owing to the high protein concentrations in bamboo, however, we cannot distinguish between the hypothesis that lemurs that eat bamboo target additional food items with higher protein from the hypothesis that lemurs feeding on bamboo unavoidably obtain higher concentrations of protein than animals feeding on leaves of trees, without an added nutritional benefit.