Functional Morphology of the Jaw Apparatus of Larval and Metamorphosing Rana Temporaria L
Functional Morphology of the Jaw Apparatus of Larval and Metamorphosing Rana Temporaria L
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林蛙幼虫及变态下颌器的功能形态学
DOI：
10.1163/002829668x00072
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发表时间：
1967
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
H. Jongh
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Jongh
1.本文描述了软脑颅和脏颅、骨颅、口腔和鳃腔、下颌和舌骨肌肉系统以及头部韧带在哈氏蛙（Rana temporaria L.）该描述基于连续切片的图形重建，还包括心脏的位移。2.一个初步的功能分析，电影的基础上，作出了摄食和水生呼吸和肌肉活动的模式的机制。3.在变态的下颌和舌骨肌完全重组组织学和幼虫的肌纤维被替换为新的。大多数肌肉改变其附着位置与摄食和呼吸的后变质机制的功能要求有关。然而，肌肉的功能和肌肉活动的协调性在幼虫和成虫中基本相似。由于肌肉和其他结构的功能要求之间的折衷，许多肌肉的位置是次优的。4.肌肉与软骨的附着是相切的，或者在某些肌肉附着中呈锐角。一般来说，软骨的形状、雕塑和结构不受肌肉附着的影响，但在少数情况下，骨骼元素的存在可以从肌肉的功能要求来解释。5.大脑囊和听觉囊的形状变化是有限的，但广泛的重塑viscerocranium发生在成人喂养机制的功能要求，并与过滤器喂养和鳃呼吸的终止。6.骨元素的出现顺序与功能需求相关。在变态过程中，软骨颅只有轻微的侵蚀，与骨颅的发育有关。来自侵蚀软骨的软骨细胞去分化。7.在变态过程中发生功能替代的情况下，新的成分通常在幼虫成分退化之前发育（例如，呼吸器官）。在其他系统中，存在逐渐的重塑，具有功能的暂时丧失或效率降低（例如，在消化机制中）。8.的结果是一致的，认为幼虫专业化出现了次要的发育，在祖先的无尾类幼虫和成人之间的形态相似性是大于大多数最近的形式。变态可能是逐渐出现的，随着幼虫适应性的发展而变得越来越复杂。
1. The development of the cartilaginous neurocranium and viscerocranium, osteocranium, oral and gill cavities, mandibular and hyoid musculature, and head ligaments is described during the metamorphic climax in Rana temporaria L. The description, based on graphical reconstructions from serial sections, also includes the displacement of the heart. 2. A preliminary functional analysis, based on cinematography, was made of the mechanisms of ingestion and aquatic respiration and of the pattern of muscular activity. 3. During metamorphosis the mandibular and hyoid muscles are completely reorganized histologically and the larval muscle fibres are replaced with new ones. Most of the muscles change their places of attachment in connection with functional requirements of the postmetamorphic mechanisms of feeding and respiration. Yet the functions of the muscles and the co-ordination of muscular activity are basically similar in larva and adult. The positions of many muscles are suboptimal as a result of compromises between functional requirements of muscles and of other structures. 4. Muscle attachments to cartilage are tangential, or at a sharp angle in some musculous attachments. As a rule the shape, sculpture, and structure of the cartilage are not influenced by the muscle attachments, but in a few situations the presence of skeletal elements may be explained from the functional requirements of muscles. 5. Changes in the shape of the cerebral capsule and auditory capsule are limited, but extensive remodeling of the viscerocranium occurs in connection with functional requirements of the adult feeding mechanism and with the termination of filter feeding and gill respiration. 6. The order of appearance of the bony elements is correlated with functional demands. During metamorphosis there is only slight erosion of the chondrocranium associated with the development of the osteocranium. Chondrocytes from eroded cartilage dedifferentiate. 7. In cases of substitution of functions during metamorphosis new elements usually develop before the larval elements are reduced (e.g., the respiratory organs). In other systems there is a gradual remodeling, with temporary loss or reduced efficiency of functions (e.g., in the mechanism of ingestion). 8. The results are consistent with the view that larval specializations have arisen secondarily in phylogeny and that in ancestral Anura morphological similarity between larva and adult was greater than in the majority of recent forms. Metamorphosis probably arose gradually, becoming increasingly complex as larval adaptations developed.