The transcendental dimension of Sartre's philosophy
The transcendental dimension of Sartre's philosophy
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萨特哲学的先验维度
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发表时间：
2010
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通讯作者：
S. Gardner
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作者：
S. Gardner
我在本文中要探讨的思想是，B&N的萨特和早期著作在某些基本方面是一位先验思想家，从这个角度看待他对我们如何理解和评估他的想法产生了积极的、有利的影响，论点和立场作为一个整体。当然，在哲学史上使用这种可塑的、结构开放的范畴是出了名的靠不住的，而“先验哲学”的状况可能并不比大多数哲学更好。因此，对于“亚里士多德是一位先验思想家”这一主张，会有一些解释使它（几乎）平凡地为真，而另一些解释则使它（几乎）明显地为假。如果先验意味着仅仅是康德的一个开放式的血统，那么当然，康德是一个先验主义者，沿着几乎所有其他现代欧洲哲学家。另一方面，如果一种哲学立场只有在追求与康德第一部《批判》同样的议程时才有资格成为先验的，那么就需要进行彻底的重建手术，以表明康德是一位先验哲学家。因此，我们的任务是要提出一种解释，来解释康德的超验主义主张，这种解释要足够强大，使人感兴趣，但又不能强大到缺乏可解释性。我不想一开始就试图确定先验哲学的意义--这会导致进入一个很难找到出口的丛林--我将通过六个标题来工作，我认为，这些标题将被接受为表示先验哲学的特征。这些包括先验论证和先验唯心主义，先验主义的标志。因此，如果在每一个标题下都能有足够的理由证明它们对马克思的关注至关重要--如果能证明马克思不仅说了某些可以挤在这些标题下的事情，而且他深深地参与了相关的问题--那么，我希望，累积的效果将是证明历史主张是正确的，而且，更重要的是，给出一个为什么它很重要的想法。
The thought that I will explore in this paper is that the Sartre of B&N and the earlier writings is in certain fundamental respects a transcendental thinker, and that viewing him in this light makes a positive, favourable difference to how we understand and assess his ideas, arguments, and position as a whole. The use of such plastic and open-textured categories in the history of philosophy is, of course, notoriously treacherous, and 'transcendental philosophy' is probably in no better shape than most. Consequently there will be some interpretations of the claim that Sartre is a transcendental thinker which make it (pretty much) trivially true, and others that make it (pretty much) plainly false. If transcendental means simply lying in an open-ended line of descent from Kant, then of course Sartre is a transcendentalist, along with almost every other modern European philosopher. If, on the other hand, a philosophical position qualifies as transcendental only if it pursues the very same agenda as that of Kant's first Critique, then drastic reconstructive surgery would be required to show Sartre to be a transcendental philosopher. The task, therefore, is to come up with an interpretation of the claim for Sartre's transcendentalism that is sufficiently strong to be interesting, but not so strong as to lack plausibility. Rather than attempt to fix the meaning of transcendental at the outset – which would lead off into thickets from which it would be hard to find an exit – I am going to work through half a dozen headings which will, I think, be accepted as denoting characteristic features of transcendental philosophy. These include transcendental argumentation and transcendental idealism, the hallmarks of transcendentalism. So if under each of the headings enough of a case can be made for their centrality to Sartre's concerns – if it can be shown not merely that Sartre says certain things which can be squeezed under those headings, but that he is deeply engaged with the relevant issue – then the cumulative effect, I hope, will be to vindicate the historical claim, and, much more importantly, to give an idea of why it matters.