Should leaders conform? Developmental evidence from the United States and China.
Should leaders conform? Developmental evidence from the United States and China.
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领导者是否应该服从？
DOI：
10.1037/xge0001451
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bian, Lin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tian, Yuchen;Bian, Lin
领导力与人类群体密不可分。领导者的一项核心义务是通过符合群体规范的行为来体现他们群体的身份。然而，人们对领导力和从众最初是如何在人们的脑海中联系在一起的，这种联系在童年时期是如何发展的，以及文化价值观是如何塑造这种联系的，知之甚少。目前的研究对美国和中国的4到11岁的孩子进行了测试，通过比较孩子们对领导者和普通群体成员的不一致性的评价来解决这些问题。在实验1和3中（N分别为114和116），孩子们看到两个新小组从事不同的行为（例如，听不同种类的音乐）。领导者或非领导者的行为违反了他们各自的群体规范。接下来，孩子们提供了对不符合的评价。在这两个群体中，年龄较小的孩子（4- 7岁）对领导者的不从众行为的评价比非领导者的更积极，而年龄较大的孩子（10- 11岁）对领导者的不从众行为的评价更消极。值得注意的是，与美国的孩子相比，中国的孩子对领导者的特立独行产生了更多的负面态度。实验2 （N= 66）排除了幼儿对领导者不从众的良好评价源于他们对领导者的总体积极态度的可能性。综上所述，两国的孩子逐渐将领导者视为核心群体成员，并期望他们遵守群体规范。这些发现有助于建立早期领导力认知理论，并强调了采用跨文化方法来理解其发展的重要性。（PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2024 APA，版权所有）
Leadership is inextricably embedded in human groups. One central obligation of leaders is to embody the identity of their group by acting in line with group norms. Yet little is known about how leadership and conformity are initially associated in people’s minds, how this association develops in childhood, and how cultural values shape this association. The present research tested 4-to 11-year-olds in the United States and China to address these questions by comparing children’s evaluations of a leader’s versus an ordinary group member’s nonconformity. In Experiments 1 and 3 (N= 114 and 116, respectively), children saw two novel groups engage in distinct behaviors (eg, listening to different kinds of music). A leader or a nonleader acted against their respective group norms. Next, children provided evaluations of the nonconformity. In both populations, whereas younger children (4-to 7-year-olds) evaluated the leader’s nonconformity more positively relative to the nonleader’s, older children (10-to 11-year-olds) evaluated the leader’s nonconformity more negatively. Notably, children in China developed more negative attitudes toward a leader’s nonconformity than children in the United States. Experiment 2 (N= 66) ruled out the possibility that younger children’s favorable evaluations of the leader’s nonconformity stemmed from their general positivity toward leaders. Taken together, children in the two countries gradually conceptualize leaders as central group members and expect them to follow group norms. These findings contribute to theories on early leadership cognition and highlight the importance of taking a cross-cultural approach to understand its development.(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)