Mass Probation from Micro to Macro: Tracing the Expansion and Consequences of Community Supervision
Mass Probation from Micro to Macro: Tracing the Expansion and Consequences of Community Supervision
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DOI：
10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041352
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发表时间：
2020-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Phelps, Michelle S.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Phelps, Michelle S.
1980年至2007年间，美国的缓刑率与监禁率一起飙升；自2007年以来，这两种形式的刑事司法控制的使用都有所减少。尽管犯罪学和相关领域的大量文献探讨了大规模监禁的原因和后果，但很少有研究探讨大规模缓刑的并行兴起。本文回顾了我们对美国缓刑制度的认识。在第一部分中，我追溯了缓刑在各州和特定人口群体中的历史扩展。然后，我总结了当今成年人缓刑的特点，以及我们对缓刑撤销的了解。最后，我回顾了关于缓刑对个人、家庭、社区和社会的因果影响的新兴文献。最后，我讨论了一项研究计划，以及日益壮大的削弱大众监管危害的运动。
Between 1980 and 2007, probation rates in the United States skyrocketed alongside imprisonment rates; since 2007, both forms of criminal justice control have declined in use. Although a large literature in criminology and related fields has explored the causes and consequences of mass incarceration, very little research has explored the parallel rise ofmass probation. This review takes stock of our knowledge of probation in the United States. In the first section, I trace the expansion of probation historically, across states, and for specific demographic groups. I then summarize the characteristics of adults on probation today and what we know about probation revocation. Lastly, I review the nascent literature on the causal effects of probation for individuals, families, neighborhoods, and society. I end by discussing a plan for research and the growing movement to blunt the harms of mass supervision.