Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters
Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters
复制标题
北美和欧洲淡水生物多样性补偿的遵守情况和生态系统功能
作者：
S. Theis;Jonathan L. W. Ruppert;Kirk Roberts;C. K. Minns;M. Koops;M. Poesch
人类发展导致的土地利用变化是生物多样性丧失的主要驱动因素。为了减少这些影响，数十亿美元用于生物多样性补偿。然而，评估抵消项目有效性、检查项目整体合规性和功能等组成部分的研究仍然很少。我们审查了淡水生态系统中的 577 个抵消项目，包括指标项目规模、水生系统类型（例如湿地和溪流）、抵消措施（例如增强、恢复和创建）以及项目合规性和功能成功的评估。项目信息来自科学和政府数据库以及灰色文献。尽管抵消项目投资相当大，但关键问题仍然存在。尽管合规性和功能是相互关联的，但高水平的合规性并不能保证高水平的功能。然而，相对面积而言，大型项目比小型项目具有更好的功能。当项目以生产力或特定生态系统特征为目标以及多个互补管理目标到位时，功能就会得到改善。恢复性措施比创建全新的生态系统更有可能实现目标。总而言之，我们发现的关系突出了可能有助于改善抵消结果的特定生态过程。
Land‐use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.