EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DRINKING BEHAVIOR OF CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS *
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DRINKING BEHAVIOR OF CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS *
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长期酗酒者饮酒行为的实验分析 *
DOI：
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发表时间：
1966
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
N. Mello
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Mendelson;N. Mello
几乎所有关于饮酒行为的研究，无论是针对个体还是特定的种族 - 社会经济群体，都是基于酗酒者在清醒期间所做的回顾性报告。然而，仅仅基于患者对饮酒经历的回顾性报告所做出的推断的有效性，可能会受到有意或无意的歪曲以及患者无法回忆并充分用语言表达其反应的影响。大多数临床医生报告说，酗酒患者无法明确导致酗酒狂欢开始的情况，也无法描述促使饮酒停止的因素。有酒精相关问题的患者往往对酒精引起的情绪状态变化给出模糊的描述。尽管大多数患者报告说最初紧张感有所减轻，但他们很少能够准确回忆起长时间饮酒期间的想法和感受。尽管根据回顾性报告充分描述酗酒者的行为存在困难，但文献中盛行的“酗酒”这一模糊概念却很少受到批判性审视。根据关于这一主题的大量精神病学文献，酒精的作用是：减轻焦虑、暂时缓解抑郁以及促进明显的精神病理行为。然而，对醉酒的酗酒者的这些现象进行系统观察和记录却很少发生，而且一些实验数据（门德尔松等人，1964年）表明，酒精可能会增加酗酒者的焦虑和抑郁。不幸的是，为解释与慢性酗酒相关的行为而提出的大多数假设从未经过实验验证；然而，这些假设却为针对酒精相关疾病治疗所制定的各种治疗方案中隐含的许多假设提供了基础。关于酗酒的决定因素和精神病理学的那些默认假设的细节，目前很流行，已在其他地方受到批判性审视（门德尔松等人，1964年）。在过去的五年中，我们一直在实验室环境中研究酒精成瘾的一些行为和代谢成分。我们已经完成了一系列关于在酗酒志愿者身上进行实验性诱导的醉酒和戒酒的研究（门德尔松，1964年；门德尔松等人，1965年）。尽管所得数据并不支持在临床环境中研究酗酒者的研究人员提出的一些假设，但将我们的发现与现有临床数据进行比较的一个主要困难是，我们的大多数实验都涉及酒精的程序化给药。这个程序包括给予……
Almost all studies of drinking behavior, whether focused upon the individual or selected ethnic-socioeconomic groups, have been based upon the retrospective reports of alcoholic individuals that were made during intervals of sobriety. However, the validity of inferences based solely upon a patient’s retrospective report of a drinking experience may be affected both by deliberate or unintentional distortions and by his inability to recall and adequately verbalize his reactions. Most clinicians report that alcoholic patients are unable to specify the circumstances which lead to the onset of a drinking spree or to describe the factors which contribute to the termination of drinking. Patients with alcohol-related problems tend to give vague descriptions of changes in feeling states produced by alcohol. Although most patients report some initial reduction in tensions, they are seldom able to accurately recall their thoughts and feelings during prolonged periods of drinking. Despite the difficulties associated with adequately characterizing an alcoholic’s behavior on the basis of retrospective reports, there has been little critical examination of the diffuse concepts of “alcoholism” which prevail in the literature. According to the voluminous psychiatric literature on this subject, the effects of alcohol are: anxiety reduction, transient alleviation of depression, and facilitation of overt psychopathological behavior. However, systematic observation and recording of these phenomena in inebriated alcoholic subjects has rarely occurred, and some experimental data (Mendelson, et al. 1964) indicates that alcohol may increase anxiety and depression in alcoholics. It is unfortunate that the majority of hypotheses advanced to account for the behaviors associated with chronic alcoholism have never been experimentally verified; yet these provide the basis of many of the assumptions which are implicit in the various therapeutic programs developed for the treatment of alcohol-related illnesses. Details of those tacit assumptions about determinants and psychopathology of alcoholism that are currently in vogue have been critically reviewed elsewhere (Mendelson et al. 1964). During the past five years, we have been concerned with examining some behavioral and metabolic components of alcohol addiction in a laboratory situation. We have completed a series of studies on experimentally induced intoxication and withdrawal of alcohol in alcoholic volunteers (Mendelson, 1964; Mendelson etal . 1965). Although the resutling data have not supported a number of the hypotheses advanced by investigators who have studied alcoholics in a clinical setting, one major difficulty associated with comparing our findings with existing clinical data, is that most of our experiments have involved programmed administration of alcohol. This procedure involves administering a