Convergence and Divergence in Direct and Indirect Life-History Traits of Closely Related Parasitoids (Braconidae: Microgastrinae)
Convergence and Divergence in Direct and Indirect Life-History Traits of Closely Related Parasitoids (Braconidae: Microgastrinae)
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DOI：
10.1007/s11692-013-9253-4
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发表时间：
2014-03
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
J. Harvey;B. Visser;C. Lann;J. Boer;J. Ellers;R. Gols
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Harvey;B. Visser;C. Lann;J. Boer;J. Ellers;R. Gols
在自然界中，密切相关的物种往往在直接和间接的特征中表现出相似性，这些特征揭示了它们的系统发育历史。在这里，我们测试了共同的血统如何影响性状的进化，在几个密切相关的寄生蜂物种的generaCotesiaandMicroplitis（Hyactera：茧蜂科：Microgastrinae）通过比较发展，资源利用和分配到生殖和维护。这些属中的寄生蜂表现出在大多数寄生蜂谱系中罕见的血淋巴幼虫和外部化蛹的特征。被寄生寄主的生长比健康寄主减少90%，最大寄主大小在很大程度上取决于成虫大小。发展时间较长的通才寄生蜂比专家。所有Cotesiaspecies种的成虫体质量均具有性别二型性，雌性较大，但Microplitisspp种的成虫体质量不具有性别二型性。与此相反，在其中一种侧沟茧蜂中，雄性被发现是较大的性别。在出现后的第一个6天内的卵负荷动态变化很大，但卵数通常较高inCotesiaspp。与Microplitisspp.寿命在各个物种中，只有更大的女性比男性蜂在twoMicroplitis sp.有一个明确的资源利用和分配之间的反比关系，例如最大的卵负载和寿命，在这些寄生蜂。我们的研究结果表明，适应所施加的主机质量和可用性的限制，导致性状的收敛和分歧在种，属和亚科水平。
Closely related species in nature often show similarities in suites of direct and indirect traits that reveal aspects of their phylogenetic history. Here we tested how common descent affects trait evolution in several closely related parasitoid species in the generaCotesiaandMicroplitis(Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) by comparing development, resource use and allocation into reproduction and maintenance. Parasitoids in these genera exhibit traits, like haemolymph feeding as larvae and external pupation that are rare in most parasitoid lineages. The growth of parasitized hosts was reduced by 90 % compared with healthy hosts, and maximum host size depended to a large extent on adult parasitoid size. Development time was longer in the more generalist parasitoids than in the specialists. Adult body mass was sexually dimorphic in allCotesiaspecies, with females being larger, but not inMicroplitisspp. In contrast, in one of theMicroplitisspecies males were found to be the larger sex. Egg load dynamics during the first 6 days after emergence were highly variable but egg number was typically higher inCotesiaspp. compared toMicroplitisspp. Longevity in the various species was only greater in female than in male wasps in twoMicroplitis sp. There was a clear inverse relationship between resource use and allocation, e.g. maximum egg load and longevity, in these parasitoids. Our results reveal that adaptation to constraints imposed by host quality and availability has resulted in trait convergence and divergence at the species, genus and subfamily level.