Characteristics of Lake-Effect Precipitation over the Black River Valley and Western Adirondack Mountains
Characteristics of Lake-Effect Precipitation over the Black River Valley and Western Adirondack Mountains
复制标题
黑河谷和西阿迪朗达克山脉湖泊效应降水特征
DOI：
10.1175/jamc-d-23-0026.1
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Veals, Peter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Steenburgh, W. James;Cunningham, Julie A.;Bergmaier, Philip T.;Geerts, Bart;Veals, Peter
影响安大略湖以东湖泊效应降水内陆渗透和地形调制的潜在因素包括环境条件(湖泊、陆地和大气)、湖泊效应系统的模式，以及与下游塔格山高原(这里是塔格山)、黑河谷和阿迪朗达克山脉(这里是阿迪朗达克山脉)的水流相关的地形过程。在这项研究中，我们使用来自KTYX WSR-88D、ERA5再分析、纽约州中间网和安大略省冬季湖泊效应系统(OWLES)的现场活动的数据来检验这些因素如何影响湖泊效应特征，重点是塔格山下游地区。在八个冷季(11月16日至4月15日)的研究期间(2012/13-2019/20)，湖影响期间雷达估计的总降水量从安大略湖到塔格山上游逐渐增加，在塔格山陡坡落入黑河谷的地方突然减少。最大降雨量的轴线向北移动，穿过黑河谷北部，进入阿迪朗达克山脉西北部。在阿迪朗达克西部，受湖泊影响最严重的降雪期具有强烈的近纬向边界层流动、深边界层和沿长湖轴排列的单一降水带。在Owles IOP10期间收集的空中廓线雷达观测显示，塔格山上空的降水增强，黑河谷出现共振背风波的溢出和阴影，以及阿迪朗达克西部的降水增强。这些结果说明了安大略湖下游内陆穿透湖效系统的地形调制，以及有利于阿迪朗达克西部强降雪的因素。意义陈述安大略湖以东的内陆穿透湖效风暴影响偏远的农村社区，实现区域冬季体育经济，并在融化和雨雪事件期间促成径流和洪水的积雪。在这项研究中，我们说明了该地区的三个主要地理特征--拖格山、黑河谷和西部阿迪朗达克山脉--如何影响湖泊效应降水的特征，描述了导致阿迪朗达克西部大雪的因素，并提供了一个使用特殊仪器的研究飞机观测到的湖泊效应风暴中的地形效应的例子。
Potential factors affecting the inland penetration and orographic modulation of lake-effect precipitation east of Lake Ontario include the environmental (lake, land, and atmospheric) conditions, mode of the lake-effect system, and orographic processes associated with flow across the downstream Tug Hill Plateau (herein Tug Hill), Black River valley, and Adirondack Mountains (herein Adirondacks). In this study we use data from the KTYX WSR-88D, ERA5 reanalysis, New York State Mesonet, and Ontario Winter Lake-effect Systems (OWLeS) field campaign to examine how these factors influence lake-effect characteristics with emphasis on the region downstream of Tug Hill. During an eight-cool-season (16 November–15 April) study period (2012/13–2019/20), total radar-estimated precipitation during lake-effect periods increased gradually from Lake Ontario to upper Tug Hill and decreased abruptly where the Tug Hill escarpment drops into the Black River valley. The axis of maximum precipitation shifted poleward across the northern Black River valley and into the northwestern Adirondacks. In the western Adirondacks, the heaviest lake-effect snowfall periods featured strong, near-zonal boundary layer flow, a deep boundary layer, and a single precipitation band aligned along the long-lake axis. Airborne profiling radar observations collected during OWLeS IOP10 revealed precipitation enhancement over Tug Hill, spillover and shadowing in the Black River valley where a resonant lee wave was present, and precipitation invigoration over the western Adirondacks. These results illustrate the orographic modulation of inland-penetrating lake-effect systems downstream of Lake Ontario and the factors favoring heavy snowfall over the western Adirondacks.Significance StatementInland penetrating lake-effect storms east of Lake Ontario affect remote rural communities, enable a regional winter-sports economy, and contribute to a snowpack that contributes to runoff and flooding during thaws and rain-on-snow events. In this study we illustrate how the region’s three major geographic features—Tug Hill, the Black River valley, and the western Adirondacks—affect the characteristics of lake-effect precipitation, describe the factors contributing to heavy snowfall over the western Adirondacks, and provide an examples of terrain effects in a lake-effect storm observed with a specially instrumented research aircraft.