A History of Cell Culture
A History of Cell Culture
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细胞培养的历史
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发表时间：
2014
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通讯作者：
Milton W. Taylor
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作者：
Milton W. Taylor
来自植物和动物不同组织的细胞可以在体外的人工培养基中生长和培养。细胞培养开始于组织培养，由Ross Harrison发展了“悬滴技术”，将一小片组织置于一滴培养基（包括血清）中，细胞从组织迁移到周围环境中。亚历克西斯·卡雷尔（Alexis Carel）和查尔斯·林德伯格（Charles Lindbergh）在组织培养方面取得了进一步的进展，他们在玻璃板上培养组织，并开发了保持组织持续生长的技术。这些技术发展到细胞培养，其中细胞可以从各种来源收集，通过胰蛋白酶分离，并且如果给予适当的含血清培养基，则生长成单层。将人和鼠来源的此类细胞用于培养病毒。约翰富兰克林恩德斯和他的同事发现，脊髓灰质炎病毒和其他病毒可以在从原代细胞发育的细胞系中生长。这些结果推动了脊髓灰质炎疫苗的研发和基础病毒学的研究。在20世纪40年代和50年代，开发了用于动物病毒的空斑试验，并且由萨尔瓦多·卢里亚和雷纳托·杜尔贝科开发了测量病毒生长的定量方法。在20世纪60年代和70年代，开发了使用新分离的HeLa细胞在培养物中进行细胞克隆生长的方法。这导致了一个新的研究领域-体细胞遗传学-与稳定的细胞系的发展。不同物种的细胞在培养中融合的观察导致了体细胞遗传学的发展，并最终形成了杂交瘤以产生单克隆抗体。
Cells from different tissues of plants and animals can be grown and cultured in artificial media outside the body. Cell culture started off as tissue culture with the development of the “hanging drop technique” by Ross Harrison, whereby a small piece of tissue was placed in a drop of medium (including serum), and cells migrated from the tissue into the surrounding environment. Further advances in tissue culture were made by Alexis Carel and Charles Lindbergh, who grew tissue on glass plates and developed techniques to keep tissue continuously growing. These techniques developed into cell culture, where cells could be collected from a variety of sources, separated by trypsin, and grown into a monolayer if given appropriate medium-containing serum. Such cells of human and murine origin were used for growing viruses. John Franklin Enders and colleagues discovered that poliovirus and other viruses could be grown in cell lines developed from primary cells. These results gave a boost to research in developing a polio vaccine, as well as to basic virology. In the 1940s and 1950s, plaque assays were developed for animal viruses, and quantitative methods of measuring viral growth were developed by Salvador Luria and Renato Dulbecco. In the 1960s and 1970s, methods were developed for clonal growth of cells in culture using newly isolated HeLa cells. This resulted in a new area of research—somatic cell genetics—with the development of stable cell lines. The observation that cells of different species fused in culture led to the development of somatic cell genetics, and eventually to the formation of hybridomas to produce monoclonal antibodies.