Indian annual ambient air quality standard is achievable by completely mitigating emissions from household sources
Indian annual ambient air quality standard is achievable by completely mitigating emissions from household sources
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1900888116
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发表时间：
2019-05-28
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Di Girolamo, Larry
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chowdhury, Sourangsu;Dey, Sagnik;Di Girolamo, Larry
根据全球疾病负担研究（GBD），暴露于环境和家庭细颗粒物（PM2.5）是印度过早死亡的最大单一原因之一。最近的几项调查估计，家庭排放是该国环境PM2.5暴露的最大贡献者。使用卫星衍生的地区级PM2.5暴露和欧拉光化学扩散模型CAMx（综合空气质量模型扩展），我们估计人口暴露的好处，减轻家庭来源的生物质做饭，空间和水加热，煤油照明。完全缓解这些家庭来源的排放将使印度全国人口加权平均年环境PM2.5暴露量分别减少17.5%，11.9%和1.3%。使用GBD方法，这意味着印度过早死亡率降低了6.6%，5.5%和0.6%。如果所有家庭来源的PM2.5排放量都得到完全缓解，597个地区中的103个地区（1.87亿人）将达到印度年度空气质量标准（40 μ g m（-3）），而基线（2015年）有246个地区（3.98亿人）达到标准。与基线时的55.1 μ g m（-3）相比，在完全缓解家庭污染源后，全国人口年平均浓度为38 μ g m（-3），将达到标准，尽管德里等高度污染地区仍将达到标准。无法实现。我们的研究结果支持扩大旨在促进清洁家用燃料和农村电气化的计划，以改善区域范围内的空气质量，这也从直接减少家庭空气污染暴露中获得了大量额外的健康益处。
Exposures to ambient and household fine-particulate matter (PM2.5) together are among the largest single causes of premature mortality in India according to the Global Burden of Disease Studies (GBD). Several recent investigations have estimated that household emissions are the largest contributor to ambient PM2.5 exposure in the country. Using satellite-derived district-level PM2.5 exposure and an Eulerian photochemical dispersion model CAMx (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions), we estimate the benefit in terms of population exposure of mitigating household sources-biomass for cooking, space- and water-heating, and kerosene for lighting. Complete mitigation of emissions from only these household sources would reduce India-wide, population-weighted average annual ambient PM2.5 exposure by 17.5, 11.9, and 1.3%, respectively. Using GBD methods, this translates into reductions in Indian premature mortality of 6.6, 5.5, and 0.6%. If PM2.5 emissions from all household sources are completely mitigated, 103 (of 597) additional districts (187 million people) would meet the Indian annual air-quality standard (40 mu g m(-3)) compared with baseline (2015) when 246 districts (398 million people) met the standard. At 38 mu g m(-3), after complete mitigation of household sources, compared with 55.1 mu g m(-3) at baseline, the mean annual national population-based concentration would meet the standard, although highly polluted areas, such as Delhi, would remain out of attainment. Our results support expansion of programs designed to promote clean household fuels and rural electrification to achieve improved air quality at regional scales, which also has substantial additional health benefits from directly reducing household air pollution exposures.