It's Not Easy Being Green
It's Not Easy Being Green
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DOI：
10.1145/2377677.2377719
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发表时间：
2012-10-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Keshav, S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gao, Peter Xiang;Curtis, Andrew R.;Keshav, S.
大规模互联网应用，比如内容分发网络，部署在多个数据中心，消耗大量电力。为了提供统一的低访问延迟，这些数据中心在地理上是分布的，并且每个位置的部署规模反映了该地区对应用的需求。因此，一个应用对环境的影响可能会因终端用户的地理分布而有很大差异，因为每瓦特的电力成本和碳足迹是因地点而异的。在本文中，我们描述了FORTE：基于流量优化的请求路由和流量工程框架。FORTE会根据请求工作量和碳足迹的变化动态控制导向每个数据中心的用户流量比例。它允许运营商在访问延迟、碳足迹和电力成本之间进行三方权衡，并根据流量负载的增加确定最佳的数据中心升级方案。我们使用FORTE表明，碳税或碳信用在激励大规模互联网应用提供商减少碳排放量方面是不切实际的。然而，它们可以在不增加平均延迟和电费的情况下减少10%的碳排放。
Large-scale Internet applications, such as content distribution networks, are deployed across multiple datacenters and consume massive amounts of electricity. To provide uniformly low access latencies, these datacenters are geographically distributed and the deployment size at each location reflects the regional demand for the application. Consequently, an application's environmental impact can vary significantly depending on the geographical distribution of end-users, as electricity cost and carbon footprint per watt is location specific. In this paper, we describe FORTE: Flow Optimization based framework for request-Routing and Traffic Engineering. FORTE dynamically controls the fraction of user traffic directed to each datacenter in response to changes in both request workload and carbon footprint. It allows an operator to navigate the three-way tradeoff between access latency, carbon footprint, and electricity costs and to determine an optimal datacenter upgrade plan in response to increases in traffic load. We use FORTE to show that carbon taxes or credits are impractical in incentivizing carbon output reduction by providers of large-scale Internet applications. However, they can reduce carbon emissions by 10% without increasing the mean latency nor the electricity bill.