Indigenous well-being in four countries: an application of the UNDP'S human development index to indigenous peoples in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States.
Indigenous well-being in four countries: an application of the UNDP'S human development index to indigenous peoples in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States.
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DOI：
10.1186/1472-698x-7-9
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发表时间：
2007-12-20
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Beavon, Dan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cooke, Martin;Mitrou, Francis;Beavon, Dan
背景技术背景：加拿大、美国、澳大利亚和新西兰在联合国开发计划署的人类发展指数（HDI）排名中一直名列前茅，但所有这些国家都有少数民族土著人口，他们的健康和社会条件比非土著人民差得多。目前尚不清楚近几十年来这些国家的土著人民的社会经济和健康状况发生了什么变化，也不清楚土著人民的总体状况是否正在改善，以及土著人民与其他公民之间的差距是否确实缩小了。有令人不安的证据表明他们可能没有。这是这项研究的目的，以确定这些差距缩小或扩大在1990年至2000年的十年。方法：人口普查数据和预期寿命的估计，从政府来源被用来调整人类发展指数（HDI），以研究如何广泛的社会，经济和健康状况的土著人口在这些国家自1990年以来发生了变化。三个指标-预期寿命，教育程度和收入-被合并成一个单一的人类发展指数measure.RESULTS：在1990年和2000年之间，在北美和新西兰的土著人民的人类发展指数分数提高速度比一般人口，缩小人类发展的差距。在澳大利亚，土著人民的人类发展指数得分下降，而一般人口则有所改善，这扩大了人类发展的差距。虽然这些国家被认为是具有较高的人类发展，根据开发计划署，居住在其中的土著人口只有中等水平的人类development.CONCLUSION：随着时间的推移，在土著人口的健康和福祉的不一致的进展，相对于非土著人口，指出需要进一步努力，以改善社会，经济和土著人民的身体健康。
BACKGROUND: Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand consistently place near the top of the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Index (HDI) rankings, yet all have minority Indigenous populations with much poorer health and social conditions than non-Indigenous peoples. It is unclear just how the socioeconomic and health status of Indigenous peoples in these countries has changed in recent decades, and it remains generally unknown whether the overall conditions of Indigenous peoples are improving and whether the gaps between Indigenous peoples and other citizens have indeed narrowed. There is unsettling evidence that they may not have. It was the purpose of this study to determine how these gaps have narrowed or widened during the decade 1990 to 2000.METHODS: Census data and life expectancy estimates from government sources were used to adapt the Human Development Index (HDI) to examine how the broad social, economic, and health status of Indigenous populations in these countries have changed since 1990. Three indices - life expectancy, educational attainment, and income - were combined into a single HDI measure.RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2000, the HDI scores of Indigenous peoples in North America and New Zealand improved at a faster rate than the general populations, closing the gap in human development. In Australia, the HDI scores of Indigenous peoples decreased while the general populations improved, widening the gap in human development. While these countries are considered to have high human development according to the UNDP, the Indigenous populations that reside within them have only medium levels of human development.CONCLUSION: The inconsistent progress in the health and well-being of Indigenous populations over time, and relative to non-Indigenous populations, points to the need for further efforts to improve the social, economic, and physical health of Indigenous peoples.