Cognitive Control Deficits in Shifting and Inhibition in Preschool Age Children are Associated with Increased Depression and Anxiety Over 7.5 Years of Development.
Cognitive Control Deficits in Shifting and Inhibition in Preschool Age Children are Associated with Increased Depression and Anxiety Over 7.5 Years of Development.
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DOI：
10.1007/s10802-015-0101-0
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发表时间：
2016-08
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Luby J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kertz SJ;Belden AC;Tillman R;Luby J
虽然抑郁和焦虑在青少年中很常见，但使儿童面临这些症状风险的因素尚未得到很好的了解。目前的研究调查了儿童早期认知控制缺陷与学龄期发展过程中的抑郁和焦虑之间的关系。参与者为188名儿童（基线M = 5.42岁，SD = 0.79岁）及其主要照顾者。照顾者完成了学龄前儿童执行功能的评分，并在七次评估波（大约7.5年）中测量了抑郁和焦虑的严重程度。采用纵向多水平线性模型研究注意转移和抑制缺陷对抑郁和焦虑的影响。在随后的每个评估波中（直到7.5年后），学龄前的抑制缺陷与显著更高的抑郁严重程度评分相关。在3.5至7.5年后，抑制缺陷与更严重的焦虑程度相关。学龄前更大的转移缺陷与5.5年后更严重的抑郁症有关。转移缺陷也与3.5年后显著加重的焦虑严重程度相关。重要的是，即使考虑到其他关键预测因素的影响，包括评估波/时间、性别、父母教育程度、智商和学龄前症状严重程度，这些影响也是显著的，这表明影响是稳健的。总体而言，研究结果表明认知控制缺陷是发展情感症状的早期易感因素。作为一种早期预防策略，及时评估和干预可能是有益的。
Although depression and anxiety are common in youth, factors that put children at risk for such symptoms are not well understood. The current study examined associations between early childhood cognitive control deficits and depression and anxiety over the course of development through school age. Participants were 188 children (at baseline M = 5.42 years, SD = .79 years) and their primary caregiver. Caregivers completed ratings of children's executive functioning at preschool age and measures of depression and anxiety severity over seven assessment waves (a period of approximately 7.5 years). Longitudinal multilevel linear models were used to examine the effect of attention shifting and inhibition deficits on depression and anxiety. Inhibition deficits at preschool were associated with significantly greater depression severity scores at each subsequent assessment wave (up until 7.5 years later). Inhibition deficits were associated with greater anxiety severity from 3.5 to 7.5 years later. Greater shifting deficits at preschool age were associated with greater depression severity up to 5.5 years later. Shifting deficits were also associated with significantly greater anxiety severity up to 3.5 years later. Importantly, these effects were significant even after accounting for the influence of other key predictors including assessment wave/time, gender, parental education, IQ, and symptom severity at preschool age, suggesting that effects are robust. Overall, findings indicate that cognitive control deficits are an early vulnerability factor for developing affective symptoms. Timely assessment and intervention may be beneficial as an early prevention strategy.