Iodine Status Modifies the Association between Fluoride Exposure in Pregnancy and Preschool Boys' Intelligence.
Iodine Status Modifies the Association between Fluoride Exposure in Pregnancy and Preschool Boys' Intelligence.
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在动物研究中，子宫内氟化物暴露和低碘的结合对后代学习和记忆的负面影响比单独使用任何一种都要大，但尚未在儿童中进行过研究。我们评估了母亲尿碘浓度（MUIC）是否改变了母亲尿氟化物（MUF）与男孩和女孩智力之间的关系。我们使用了《环境化学物质母婴研究》中366对母子的数据。我们校正了肌酸酐的妊娠期特异性MUF和MUIC，并取其平均值以得到我们的暴露变量（mufre, mg/g； MUICCRE，µg/g）。我们在3至4岁时评估儿童的全面智力（FSIQ）。使用多元线性回归，我们估计了MUFCRE、MUICCRE和儿童性别在FSIQ上的三方交互作用，控制了共变量。MUICCRE与MUFCRE交互作用在男孩中显著（p = 0.042），但在女孩中不显著（p = 0.190）。对于母亲碘含量低的男孩，MUFCRE增加0.5 mg/g与FSIQ评分降低4.65分相关（95% CI: - 7.67, - 1.62）。对于母亲碘含量充足的男孩，MUFCRE增加0.5 mg/g与FSIQ评分降低2.95分相关（95% CI: - 4.77, - 1.13）。这些结果表明，在怀孕期间摄入足够的碘可以减少氟化物对男孩的神经毒性。
In animal studies, the combination of in utero fluoride exposure and low iodine has greater negative effects on offspring learning and memory than either alone, but this has not been studied in children. We evaluated whether the maternal urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) modifies the association between maternal urinary fluoride (MUF) and boys’ and girls’ intelligence. We used data from 366 mother–child dyads in the Maternal–Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals Study. We corrected trimester-specific MUF and MUIC for creatinine, and averaged them to yield our exposure variables (MUFCRE, mg/g; MUICCRE, µg/g). We assessed children’s full-scale intelligence (FSIQ) at 3 to 4 years. Using multiple linear regression, we estimated a three-way interaction between MUFCRE, MUICCRE, and child sex on FSIQ, controlling for covariates. The MUICCRE by MUFCRE interaction was significant for boys (p = 0.042), but not girls (p = 0.190). For boys whose mothers had low iodine, a 0.5 mg/g increase in MUFCRE was associated with a 4.65-point lower FSIQ score (95% CI: −7.67, −1.62). For boys whose mothers had adequate iodine, a 0.5 mg/g increase in MUFCRE was associated with a 2.95-point lower FSIQ score (95% CI: −4.77, −1.13). These results suggest adequate iodine intake during pregnancy may minimize fluoride’s neurotoxicity in boys.