The spatial ecology of alcohol problems: niche theory and assortative drinking
The spatial ecology of alcohol problems: niche theory and assortative drinking
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01856.x
复制
发表时间：
2007-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
Gruenewald, Paul J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gruenewald, Paul J.
目的本文总结了几种理论观点，用于解释观察到的酒精出口浓度和酒精相关问题之间的关联。每一种观点的批评讨论了如何解决这些问题的社会病因，也就是说，如何，在哪里，为什么这些问题出现在与酒精出口？方法这项理论工作是基于数学和计算模型的生态酒精相关的问题开发的“生态系统建模项目”，一个先进的研究项目的国家研究所酒精滥用和酒精中毒，美国。结果出口和问题之间的关联被认为是产生于个人在饮用场所的浓度（“流模型”），一些地方的吸引力的人在风险的问题（“重力模型”），或因为出口位于高风险的社区，并具有负面的社会规范性影响（“社会背景模型”）。这些方法都没有解释为什么有些渠道比其他渠道有更多的问题（例如暴力渠道）。另一种社会生态模型的介绍，它断言，利基市场营销和互补性饮酒形成的社会动态，解释这些关系的互补过程。酒精销售商的“利基市场”选择社会阶层，饮酒者返回机构，他们发现人们喜欢自己，和随之而来的社会分层的市场增加了一些网点的相关问题的水平。结论所提出的机制是非常普遍的，并建议过度集中的出口将导致分层的饮用群体和加剧的问题，这些出口。
Aims This paper summarizes several theoretical perspectives that serve to explain observed associations between concentrations of alcohol outlets and alcohol-related problems. A critique of each perspective discusses how each addresses the social etiology of these problems; that is, how, where and why these problems arise in association with alcohol outlets? Methods This theoretical work is based upon mathematical and computational models of the ecology of alcohol-related problems developed in the 'Ecosystems Modeling Project', an advanced research project of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, United States. Results Associations between outlets and problems are thought to arise from the concentration of individuals in drinking places ('flow models'), the attraction of some places for people at risk for problems ('gravity models'), or because outlets are located in high-risk neighborhoods and have negative social normative effects ('social contextual models'). None of these approaches explain how some outlets come to have more problems than others (e.g. violent outlets). An alternative social ecological model is introduced which asserts that the complementary processes of niche marketing and assortative drinking form the social dynamic that explains these relationships. Alcohol sellers 'niche market' to select social strata, drinkers return to establishments at which they find people like themselves, and consequent social stratification of the market-place increases the levels of related problems in some outlets. Conclusions The proposed mechanism is very general, and suggests that over-concentrations of outlets will lead to stratification of drinking groups and intensification of problems related to those outlets.