Quantum Phase Transition
Quantum Phase Transition
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发表时间：
2016-11
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通讯作者：
George Rajna
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作者：
George Rajna
芝加哥大学进行的一项新研究证实了一个几十年前的理论，该理论描述了连续相变的动力学。[21]无论是声波、量子物质波还是激光的光波--各种波都可以处于不同的振荡状态，对应不同的频率。计算这些频率是理论物理学中的一种工具。然而，最近，一类特殊的系统引起了科学界的注意，迫使物理学家放弃既定的规则。[20]直到最近，由于物理学的基本定律，创建单个光子的全息图被认为是不可能的。然而，华沙大学物理系的科学家们已经成功地将经典全息术的概念应用于量子现象的世界。一种新的测量技术使他们能够记录有史以来第一次单个光粒子的全息图，从而在量子力学的基础上提供新的光。[19]来自美国哥伦比亚大学和波兰华沙大学的一个联合研究小组发现，描述光解作用的传统理论似乎存在缺陷。[18]在LHC加速器中铅核的超周边碰撞可以导致光子与光子的弹性碰撞。[17]来自都柏林Trinity学院物理学院和Trinity学院CRANN研究所的物理学家发现了一种新的光形式，这将影响我们对光的基本性质的理解。[16]来自光纤的光照射超颖表面，在四个不同的方向上散射，并且强度由四个检测器测量。通过这种测量，可以检测到光的偏振状态。[15]将单个光子从一种颜色或频率转换为另一种颜色或频率是量子通信中的一个重要工具，它利用光子（光粒子）的亚原子性质之间的微妙相关性来安全地存储和传输信息。美国国家标准与技术研究所（NIST）的科学家们现在已经开发出一种小型化的变频器，使用的技术类似于制造计算机芯片的技术。[14]利用太阳能并制造光捕获或光传感设备需要一种既能有效吸收光又能将能量转化为高度移动的电流的材料。在单一材料中找到理想的性能组合是一项挑战，因此科学家们一直在试验将不同材料联合收割机组合在一起的方法，以创造具有增强功能的“混合体”。[13]凝聚态物理学家经常求助于被称为准粒子的类粒子实体如激子、等离子体激元、磁振子来解释复杂的现象。现在，来自帕萨迪纳市加州理工学院的吉尔·雷费尔和他的同事们报告了拓扑极化的理论概念，或称“拓扑极化子”：一种混合的半光半物质准粒子，具有特殊的拓扑性质，可能用于在一个方向上传输光的设备。[12]孤子是一种局域波扰动，它在传播时不改变形状，这是补偿波包色散的非线性相互作用的结果。单个孤子可能会发生碰撞，但一个定义特征是它们彼此穿过，并在形状、振幅或速度上保持不变地从碰撞中出现，但具有反映不连续跳跃的新轨迹。由哈佛大学物理学教授米哈伊尔·卢金和麻省理工学院物理学教授弗拉德·武莱蒂奇领导的一个小组与哈佛-麻省理工学院超冷原子中心的同事合作，成功地诱使光子结合在一起形成分子--一种物质状态，直到最近，这种状态还只是纯粹的理论。这项工作发表在9月25日的《自然》杂志上。相互作用和粒子的新想法：本文探讨了从普朗克分布律起源自发破缺对称性的可能性。这样我们就从振子的干涉现象中得到了强相互作用、电磁相互作用和弱相互作用的统一。理解相对论质量变化是磁感应的结果，我们得出引力也是基于电磁力的结论，得到所有4个相互作用的统一相对论量子理论。
New research conducted at the University of Chicago has confirmed a decades-old theory describing the dynamics of continuous phase transitions. [21] No matter whether it is acoustic waves, quantum matter waves or optical waves of a laser—all kinds of waves can be in different states of oscillation, corresponding to different frequencies. Calculating these frequencies is part of the tools of the trade in theoretical physics. Recently, however, a special class of systems has caught the attention of the scientific community, forcing physicists to abandon well-established rules. [20] Until quite recently, creating a hologram of a single photon was believed to be impossible due to fundamental laws of physics. However, scientists at the Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, have successfully applied concepts of classical holography to the world of quantum phenomena. A new measurement technique has enabled them to register the first-ever hologram of a single light particle, thereby shedding new light on the foundations of quantum mechanics. [19] A combined team of researchers from Columbia University in the U.S. and the University of Warsaw in Poland has found that there appear to be flaws in traditional theory that describe how photodissociation works. [18] Ultra-peripheral collisions of lead nuclei at the LHC accelerator can lead to elastic collisions of photons with photons. [17] Physicists from Trinity College Dublin's School of Physics and the CRANN Institute, Trinity College, have discovered a new form of light, which will impact our understanding of the fundamental nature of light. [16] Light from an optical fiber illuminates the metasurface, is scattered in four different directions, and the intensities are measured by the four detectors. From this measurement the state of polarization of light is detected. [15] Converting a single photon from one color, or frequency, to another is an essential tool in quantum communication, which harnesses the subtle correlations between the subatomic properties of photons (particles of light) to securely store and transmit information. Scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have now developed a miniaturized version of a frequency converter, using technology similar to that used to make computer chips. [14] Harnessing the power of the sun and creating light-harvesting or light-sensing devices requires a material that both absorbs light efficiently and converts the energy to highly mobile electrical current. Finding the ideal mix of properties in a single material is a challenge, so scientists have been experimenting with ways to combine different materials to create "hybrids" with enhanced features. [13] Condensed-matter physicists often turn to particle-like entities called quasiparticles—such as excitons, plasmons, magnons—to explain complex phenomena. Now Gil Refael from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and colleagues report the theoretical concept of the topological polarition, or “topolariton”: a hybrid half-light, half-matter quasiparticle that has special topological properties and might be used in devices to transport light in one direction. [12] Solitons are localized wave disturbances that propagate without changing shape, a result of a nonlinear interaction that compensates for wave packet dispersion. Individual solitons may collide, but a defining feature is that they pass through one another and emerge from the collision unaltered in shape, amplitude, or velocity, but with a new trajectory reflecting a discontinuous jump. Working with colleagues at the Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, a group led by Harvard Professor of Physics Mikhail Lukin and MIT Professor of Physics Vladan Vuletic have managed to coax photons into binding together to form molecules – a state of matter that, until recently, had been purely theoretical. The work is described in a September 25 paper in Nature. New ideas for interactions and particles: This paper examines the possibility to origin the Spontaneously Broken Symmetries from the Planck Distribution Law. This way we get a Unification of the Strong, Electromagnetic, and Weak Interactions from the interference occurrences of oscillators. Understanding that the relativistic mass change is the result of the magnetic induction we arrive to the conclusion that the Gravitational Force is also based on the electromagnetic forces, getting a Unified Relativistic Quantum Theory of all 4 Interactions.