Handbook of Color Psychology
Handbook of Color Psychology
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色彩心理学手册
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9781107337930.009
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Barbur J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Barbur J
老化的视觉系统经历影响生理功能的无数变化，随后由于视网膜图像退化或视网膜和视觉通路中的神经机制的变化而导致视觉性能下降。视觉的各种属性，例如在低对比度物体中看到精细空间细节的能力、区分微小色差的能力以及检测运动和快速闪烁的能力，以不同的方式逐渐下降（Haegerstrom-Portnoy等人，1999; Owsley，2011; Werner等人，1990年;沃纳和斯蒂尔，1988年），但是，作为适应过程的结果，人们往往仍然在很大程度上不知道“正常”老化。我们期望在我们的一生中有“良好的视力”（以诺等人，1999），并且随着年龄的增长，只有当视网膜图像由于屈光不正、散射光增加、视网膜照度降低或存在影响视网膜或视觉通路的疾病而严重退化时，我们才意识到视觉缺陷。将后者与可归因于正常衰老的更渐进的下降分开通常是困难的，因为在疾病的早期阶段，许多老年受试者可能没有正常的视力，但可能没有表现出明显的临床体征。我们可以评估许多视觉属性，但是眼睛可以说对颜色差异最敏感（Chaparro等人，1993），并且与消色差对比敏感度不同，最佳条件下的颜色阈值相对不受折射、瞳孔大小和散射光的小变化的影响（Barbur等人，1997; Barbur和Rodriguez-Carmona，2012）。因此，颜色评估在检测不能归因于正常的、与年龄相关的衰退的早期神经变化方面是有意义的。在光适应的最佳条件下，颜色外观也与眼介质的光密度无关（Werner等人，2004），并且同样令人惊讶的是，黄/蓝（YB）颜色阈值保持相对独立于黄斑色素光密度和透镜对短波长光的吸收（Rodriguez-Carmona等人，2006年）。然而，视网膜照度和刺激大小的显著降低可导致色阈值的大幅增加
The aging visual system undergoes myriad changes that affect physiological functions, with subsequent decline in visual performance as a result of either degraded retinal images or changes in the neural mechanisms in the retina and the visual pathways. The various attributes of vision, such as the ability to see fine spatial detail in objects of low contrast, to discriminate small color differences, and to detect motion and rapid flicker, decline gradually and in different ways (Haegerstrom-Portnoy et al., 1999; Owsley, 2011; Werner et al., 1990; Werner and Steele, 1988), but, as a result of adaptation processes, one often remains largely unaware of “normal” aging. We expect “good vision” throughout our lifetime (Enoch et al., 1999), and as we grow older we only become aware of visual deficits when the retinal images are degraded heavily by refractive errors, increased scattered light, reduced retinal illuminance, or the presence of disease that affects the retina or the visual pathways. Separating the latter from the more gradual decline that can be attributed to normal aging is often difficult since during the early stages of disease many older subjects may not have normal vision but may exhibit no obvious clinical signs. There are many vision attributes we can assess, but the eye is arguably most sensitive to color differences (Chaparro et al., 1993), and, unlike achromatic contrast sensitivity, color thresholds under optimum conditions remain relatively unaffected by small changes in refraction, pupil size, and scattered light (Barbur et al., 1997; Barbur and Rodriguez-Carmona, 2012). Color assessment is therefore of interest in detecting early neural changes that cannot be attributed to normal, age-related decline. Under optimum conditions of light adaptation, color appearance is also independent of the optical density of the ocular media (Werner et al., 2004), and, equally surprisingly, yellow/blue (YB) color thresholds remain relatively independent of both macular pigment optical density and absorption of short wavelength light by the lens (Rodriguez-Carmona et al., 2006). Significant reduction in retinal illuminance and stimulus size can, however, cause large increases in color thresholds