Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming: The biology of fish swimming
Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming: The biology of fish swimming
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DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511983641.005
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发表时间：
1994-09
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
P. Webb
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Webb
本章探讨了鱼类从零速度游到快速启动的方式，从静止和悬停，到巡航和冲刺。在这样的范围内游泳所需的力量范围是可怕的。有效的游泳是通过使用步态的性能范围分割来实现的。步态是通过使用各种组合的推进器类型（中鳍和成对鳍或身体/尾鳍推进器），推进器运动学（站着，悬停，稳定游泳和快速启动，肌肉（红色，粉红色和白色），和运动行为（连续和爆发和海岸游泳）。在谱系内表达的步态数量，以及可能的运动性能范围，通常随着进化时间的推移而增加。在任何特定的进化水平上，辐射都是常见的，通常会增强某些步态，但会降低其他步态的表现（步态抑制）。在个体发育过程中，步态的范围也在增加。环境的影响往往会减少代谢范围，使连续的步态往往是在较低的速度招募（步态压缩）。未来研究的方向包括使用计算模型更好地模拟游泳过程中的压力分布和力。特别是机动性、灵活性和稳定性的问题被传统的对最大速度和加速度的兴趣所忽视。介绍鱼类以其游泳能力而闻名。但是许多物种也在水生和陆生的底层上行走（Grobecker & Pietsch，1979; Gans等人，1994年）和其他滑翔通过空气（鱼，1990年）。鱼类游泳时会立即显示出鳍的闪烁，但有些是通过喷气推进来移动的（Fish，1987）。因此，鱼类使用所有的轴向和非轴向推进器官，它们的伴随肌肉，以及各种运动模式中的几种行为（Webb & Blake，1985; Webb，1993，1994 a）。
This chapter explores the ways fish swim from zero speeds in station-holding and hovering, through cruising and sprint, to fast starts. The range of power required to swim over such a range is formidable. Effective swimming is achieved by performance range fractionation using gaits. Gaits are defined by the use of various combinations of propulsor type (median and paired fin or body/caudal fin propulsors), propulsor kinematics (station-holding, hovering, steady swimming and fast starts, muscle (red, pink and white), and locomotor behaviour (continuous and burst-and-coast swimming). The number of gaits expressed within lineages, and presumably locomotor performance range, has generally increased over evolutionary time. At any given evolutionary level, radiations have been common, often enhancing certain gaits but reducing performance in others (gait suppression). The range of gaits expressed during ontogeny also increases. Environmental influences tend to reduce metabolic scope so that successive gaits tend to be recruited at lower speeds (gait compression). Directions for future research include use of computational models better to model pressure distributions and forces during swimming. Problems especially of manoeuvrability, agility and stability have been neglected by traditional interest in maximum speed and acceleration. INTRODUCTION Fish are famed for their swimming prowess. But many species also walk over the aquatic and terrestrial substratum (Grobecker & Pietsch, 1979; Gans et al ., 1994) and others glide through the air (Fish, 1990). Fish swimming immediately suggests flashing fins, but some move by jet propulsion (Fish, 1987). Thus fish employ all axial and appendicular propulsor organs, their attendant muscles, and several behaviours in a wide variety of locomotor modes (Webb & Blake, 1985; Webb, 1993, 1994a).