Characterizing the insecticide resistance of Anopheles gambiae in Mali.
Characterizing the insecticide resistance of Anopheles gambiae in Mali.
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DOI：
10.1186/s12936-015-0847-4
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发表时间：
2015-08-22
期刊：
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Beach R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cisse MB;Keita C;Dicko A;Dengela D;Coleman J;Lucas B;Mihigo J;Sadou A;Belemvire A;George K;Fornadel C;Beach R
室内滞留喷洒和长效驱虫蚊帐是马里国家疟疾控制战略的关键组成部分，其影响受到病媒杀虫剂抗药性的威胁。本研究的目的是评估马里广义冈比亚按蚊种群对建议用于室内滞留喷洒的四类杀虫剂的抗药性水平：有机氯、拟除虫菊酯、氨基甲酸酯和有机磷。在马里南部的13个地点进行了抗性表征，并评估了生理机制的存在和分布，包括靶点修饰：敲低抗性（kdr）和乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）改变，和/或代谢机制：酯酶升高，谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）和单加氧酶。使用世界卫生组织（WHO）试管试验确定冈比亚按蚊s.l.的表型耐药性。二氯二苯三氯乙烷（DDT）（OC）、溴氰菊酯（PY）、三氟氯氰菊酯（PY）、恶虫威（CA）和杀螟松（OP）。使用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术确定了同胞种属的鉴定以及ace-1 R和Leu-Phe kdr（耐药相关突变）的存在。进行生化测定以检测GST、氧化酶和酯酶活性的增加。受试种群在所有13个地点都表现出对滴滴涕的高度抗药性，在13个地点中的12个地点对溴氰菊酯和三氟氯氰菊酯的抗药性增强。在13个点中，分别有1个点对杀螟松和4个点对恶虫威产生了抗药性。科氏按蚊Anopheles coluzzii，An.狭义冈比亚按蚊和阿拉伯按蚊在发现每种按蚊的所有位点（分别为13、12和10个位点）均被鉴定为具有高的kdr等位基因频率。在进行本评估的四个地点检测到ace-1 R的等位基因频率相对较低。根据氧化酶、GST和酯酶解毒作用，也有证据表明杀虫剂代谢增加。多种耐药机制已在An. coluzzii，安.冈比亚有限公司和马里的阿拉伯按蚊。这些包括至少两个靶位点修饰：kdr和ace-1 R，以及代谢解毒系统（单加氧酶和酯酶）升高。抗药性的选择压力可能是由于在农业和公共卫生中使用这些杀虫剂而增加的。建议在常规抗药性监测的基础上，制定抗药性管理战略，为马里以疟疾为基础的疟疾病媒控制提供信息。
The impact of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs), key components of the national malaria control strategy of Mali, is threatened by vector insecticide resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the level of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato populations from Mali against four classes of insecticide recommended for IRS: organochlorines (OCs), pyrethroids (PYs), carbamates (CAs) and organophosphates (OPs). Characterization of resistance was done in 13 sites across southern Mali and assessed presence and distribution of physiological mechanisms that included target-site modifications: knockdown resistance (kdr) and altered acetycholinesterase (AChE), and/or metabolic mechanisms: elevated esterases, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and monooxygenases. The World Health Organization (WHO) tube test was used to determine phenotypic resistance of An.gambiae s.l. to: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (OC), deltamethrin (PY), lambda-cyhalothrin (PY), bendiocarb (CA), and fenitrothion (OP). Identification of sibling species and presence of the ace-1R and Leu-Phe kdr, resistance-associated mutations, were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. Biochemical assays were conducted to detect increased activity of GSTs, oxidases and esterases. Populations tested showed high levels of resistance to DDT in all 13 sites, as well as increased resistance to deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin in 12 out of 13 sites. Resistance to fenitrothion and bendiocarb was detected in 1 and 4 out of 13 sites, respectively. Anopheles coluzzii, An. gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis were identified with high allelic frequencies of kdr in all sites where each of the species were found (13, 12 and 10 sites, respectively). Relatively low allelic frequencies of ace-1R were detected in four sites where this assessment was conducted. Evidence of elevated insecticide metabolism, based on oxidase, GSTs and esterase detoxification, was also documented. Multiple insecticide-resistance mechanisms have evolved in An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s. and An.arabiensis in Mali. These include at least two target site modifications: kdr, and ace-1R, as well as elevated metabolic detoxification systems (monooxygenases and esterases). The selection pressure for resistance could have risen from the use of these insecticides in agriculture, as well as in public health. Resistance management strategies, based on routine resistance monitoring to inform insecticide-based malaria vector control in Mali, are recommended.