The long-term health of vegetarians and vegans
The long-term health of vegetarians and vegans
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DOI：
10.1017/s0029665115004334
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发表时间：
2016-08-01
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
Key, Timothy J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Appleby, Paul N.;Key, Timothy J.
不吃任何肉类、家禽或鱼类的素食者占世界人口的很大一部分。蛋奶素食者食用乳制品和/或鸡蛋，而素食主义者不吃任何完全或部分来自动物的食物。人们对富含肉类和其他动物产品的饮食对健康、环境和经济后果的担忧，将注意力集中在那些从饮食中排除部分或全部这些食物的人身上。人们对素食的营养充足性进行了广泛的研究，但对素食者和严格素食者的长期健康知之甚少。我们总结了在素食参与者比例较高的西方国家进行的大型横断面和前瞻性队列研究的主要发现。与背景相似的非素食者相比，素食者超重和肥胖的发生率较低，患缺血性心脏病的风险也较低，而中风的数据则模棱两可。对于癌症，有一些证据表明素食者所有癌症部位的综合风险略低于非素食者，但个别癌症部位的研究结果尚无定论。研究还发现，素食者患糖尿病、憩室病和白内障的风险较低。素食者和非素食者的总体死亡率相似，但素食群体与一般人群相比更有利。素食者的长期健康状况似乎总体良好，在某些疾病和医疗状况方面可能比同类杂食者更好。还需要进行更多的研究，特别是关于素食者的长期健康。
Vegetarians, who do not eat any meat, poultry or fish, constitute a significant minority of the world's population. Lacto-ovo-vegetarians consume dairy products and/or eggs, whereas vegans do not eat any foods derived wholly or partly from animals. Concerns over the health, environmental and economic consequences of a diet rich in meat and other animal products have focussed attention on those who exclude some or all of these foods from their diet. There has been extensive research into the nutritional adequacy of vegetarian diets, but less is known about the long-term health of vegetarians and vegans. We summarise the main findings from large cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies in western countries with a high proportion of vegetarian participants. Vegetarians have a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity and a lower risk of IHD compared with non-vegetarians from a similar background, whereas the data are equivocal for stroke. For cancer, there is some evidence that the risk for all cancer sites combined is slightly lower in vegetarians than in non-vegetarians, but findings for individual cancer sites are inconclusive. Vegetarians have also been found to have lower risks for diabetes, diverticular disease and eye cataract. Overall mortality is similar for vegetarians and comparable non-vegetarians, but vegetarian groups compare favourably with the general population. The long-term health of vegetarians appears to be generally good, and for some diseases and medical conditions it may be better than that of comparable omnivores. Much more research is needed, particularly on the long-term health of vegans.