Rapid plant uptake of isothiazolinone biocides and formation of metabolites by hydroponic Arabidopsis.
Rapid plant uptake of isothiazolinone biocides and formation of metabolites by hydroponic Arabidopsis.
复制标题
水培拟南芥植物快速吸收异噻唑啉酮杀菌剂并形成代谢物。
DOI：
10.1039/d2em00178k
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
LeFevre,GregoryH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Muerdter,ClaireP;Powers,MeganM;Chowdhury,Sraboni;Mianecki,AlyssaL;LeFevre,GregoryH
异噻唑啉酮杀生物剂是水溶性、低分子量、含氮化合物，广泛用于防止包括个人护理产品和建筑立面材料在内的各种应用中的微生物生长。由于建筑物中的异噻唑啉酮会被洗掉并进入雨水，因此与陆生植物的相互作用可能是这些化合物环境命运的重要组成部分（例如，绿色雨水基础设施）。使用水培生长的模式植物拟南芥，我们观察到快速（24小时内≥99%），植物驱动的四种常用异噻唑啉酮的去除：苯并异噻唑啉酮（BIT），氯甲基异噻唑啉酮，甲基异噻唑啉酮和辛基异噻唑啉酮。四种化合物之间的摄取率无显著差异;因此，BIT用于进一步详细研究。拟南芥对BIT的摄取是浓度依赖性的，其方式暗示了转运蛋白介导的底物抑制。BIT摄取也受多个BIT尖峰的影响最小，表明组成性主动摄取。BIT植物吸收率是稳健的，不受多种抑制剂的影响。我们研究了植物代谢作为一个相关的去除过程。与对照组相比，BIT暴露处理中显著增加的拟定主要代谢物包括：内源性植物化合物烟酸（用参比标准品确认）和苯硫代乙酰羟肟酸，一种可能的氨基酸-BIT缀合物，以及两种准确的目标质量。两种化合物（苯硫乙酰羟肟酸和TP 470）也存在于增加量的水培介质BIT曝光后，可能通过植物排泄。内源性植物化合物的上调具有环境意义，因为它表明BIT影响植物生物学。这里观察到的快速植物驱动的异噻唑啉酮去除表明，植物异噻唑啉酮过程可能与这些雨水化合物的环境命运有关。
Isothiazolinones biocides are water-soluble, low molecular weight, nitrogenous compounds widely used to prevent microbial growth in a variety of applications including personal care products and building façade materials. Because isothiazolinones from buildings wash off and enter stormwater, interactions with terrestrial plants may represent an important part of the environmental fate of these compounds (e.g., in green stormwater infrastructure). Using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana grown hydroponically, we observed rapid (≥99% within 24 hours), plant-driven removal of four commonly used isothiazolinones: benzisothiazolinone (BIT), chloromethylisothiazolinone, methylisothiazolinone, and octylisothiazolinone. No significant differences in uptake rate occurred between the four compounds; therefore, BIT was used for further detailed investigation. BIT uptake by Arabidopsis was concentration-dependent in a manner that implicates transporter-mediated substrate inhibition. BIT uptake was also minimally impacted by multiple BIT spikes, suggesting constituently active uptake. BIT plant uptake rate was robust, unaffected by multiple inhibitors. We investigated plant metabolism as a relevant removal process. Proposed major metabolites that significantly increased in the BIT-exposure treatment compared to the control included: endogenous plant compounds nicotinic acid (confirmed with a reference standard) and phenylthioacetohydroximic acid, a possible amino acid–BIT conjugate, and two accurate masses of interest. Two of the compounds (phenylthioacetohydroximic acid and TP 470) were also present in increased amounts in the hydroponic medium after BIT exposure, possibly via plant excretion. Upregulation of endogenous plant compounds is environmentally significant because it demonstrates that BIT impacts plant biology. The rapid plant-driven isothiazolinone removal observed here indicates that plant-isothiazolinone processes could be relevant to the environmental fate of these stormwater compounds.