Coexistence, Coevoluation and Convergent Evolution in Seabird Communities
Coexistence, Coevoluation and Convergent Evolution in Seabird Communities
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海鸟群落的共存、共同进化和趋同进化
DOI：
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发表时间：
1973
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Cody
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Cody
基于体型或繁殖季节差异的生态隔离机制在许多相关的同域海鸟群体中起作用，但在酸性物种中不起作用。在华盛顿州发现的。六种共存物种中至少有三种具有相似的饮食，并且六种物种在一年中的同一时间繁殖。然而，它们在海上的觅食区域不同，似乎通过这种方式减少了种间竞争。这些酸的繁殖生物学、行为形态学和生态学的各个方面都可以通过两组选择因素来解释-种间竞争食物和对蛋、雏鸟和成虫的捕食。在近海捕鱼的物种在裸露的悬崖上保护它们的幼崽，这些幼崽聚集在无处不在的小群体中。它们整天不停地单独给雏鸟送鱼。这些幼鸟迅速发育到成年体重的三分之一左右，然后离开巢穴。在另一个极端，那些在离岸很远的地方觅食的物种为雏鸟提供洞穴，只在少数离岸岛屿上筑巢。成年鸟的喙适应了携带许多鱼的能力，晚上会来拜访雏鸟。这些雏鸟生长缓慢，离巢前体重接近成年鸟。这些模式在冰岛北部的六种酸性群落中重复得相当精确，但南半球的海鸟总体上是不同的。
Ecological isolating mechanisms based on differences in size or breeding season operate in many groups of related sympatric seabirds, but not in the alcid species (Aves: Fam. Alcidae) found together in Washington State. At least three of the six coexisting species have similar diets, and all six breed at the same time of year. They differ, however, in their foraging zones at sea and appear to have reduced interspecific competition by this means. Diverse aspects of the breeding biology, behavior morphology and ecology of these alcids can be explained by reference to two sets of selective factors–interspecific competition for food and predation upon the eggs, chicks and adults. Species that fish inshore guard their chicks in exposed cliff sites grouped into ubiquitous but small colonies. They carry fish to chicks singly and frequently throughout the day. These young develop rapidly to about one—third adult weight, at which time they quit the nest site. At the other extreme, species that feed far offshore provide burrows for the chick and nest in large colonies on only a few off—shore islands. Chicks are visited at night by adults whose bills are adapted for carrying many fish. These chicks grow slowly and reach close to adult weight before leaving the nest. These patterns are repeated with considerable fidelity in the six—species alcid community of Northern Iceland, but southern hemisphere seabirds are, in general,differently organized.