Sex, rank and age differences in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) participation in inter-group encounters
Sex, rank and age differences in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) participation in inter-group encounters
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日本猕猴（Macaca fuscata yakui）参与群体间遭遇的性别、等级和年龄差异
DOI：
10.1111/j.1439-0310.2005.01087.x
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
N. Koyama
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Majolo;Raffaella Ventura;N. Koyama
在许多物种中，群体间的相互作用常常以竞争行为为特征。虽然动物可能会以不同的方式参与群体间的接触，这取决于它们的能量需求，生殖策略和/或发育阶段，但影响动物参与群体间接触的近因仍然知之甚少。事实上，许多研究分析了男性和女性在群体间相遇时的行为，而没有考虑其他因素（如等级）的重要性。本研究的重点是野生日本猕猴（Macaca fuscata yakui）生活在屋久岛，日本。它的目的是确定不同性别，年龄和等级的猴子在群体间的遭遇行为，并讨论了其行为对群体组成和男性扩散的影响和后果。男性参与组间的遭遇显着多于女性，表现出更多的侵略性或亲和行为。高级和/或成年男性更积极的低级别和/或亚成年男性在遇到发生在交配季节，他们也表现出更多的羊群行为。在非交配季节发生的组间相遇中没有发现这种趋势。最后，男性，然后迁移到新的群体是低级别和/或亚成年人的个人。这些男性表现出更多的亲和行为对外国男性比男性移民。这些数据表明，在非领土的物种与男性占主导地位的女性和高竞争的交配伙伴男性发挥积极的，往往是侵略性的，在组间的遭遇，而女性的参与是稀缺的作用。在分析群体之间的相互作用及其对群体组成和社会行为的影响时，必须考虑年龄、等级和一年中的时期（在季节性繁殖的物种中）等因素。
In many species interactions among group are often characterized by agonistic behaviour. Although animals may participate in inter-group encounters in different ways, depending on their energetic requirements, reproductive tactics, and/or developmental stage, the proximate causes affecting an animal's participation in inter-group encounters are still poorly understood. Indeed, many studies have analysed the behaviour of males and females during inter-group encounters without considering the importance of additional factors (e.g. rank). This study focuses on wild non-provisioned Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) living on Yakushima Island, Japan. It aims to determine how monkeys of different sex, age, and rank behave during inter-group encounters and it discusses the implications and consequences of their behaviour on group composition and male dispersal. Males participated significantly more than females in inter-group encounters, by displaying more aggressive or affiliative behaviour. High-ranking and/or adult males were more aggressive than low-ranking and/or subadult males during encounters occurring in the mating season and they also showed more herding behaviour. This trend was not found in inter-group encounters occurring during the non-mating season. Finally, males which then emigrated to new groups were low-ranking and/or subadult individuals. Those males displayed more affiliative behaviour towards foreign males than males which did emigrate. These data indicate that in non-territorial species with male dominance over female and high competition for mating partners males play an active, and often aggressive, role during inter-group encounter while female participation is scarce. Factors such as age, rank and period of the year (in seasonally breeding species) have to be taken into considerations when analysing interactions between groups and their effects on group composition and social behaviour.