The burden of proof in co-management and results-based management: the elephant on the deck!
The burden of proof in co-management and results-based management: the elephant on the deck!
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DOI：
10.1093/icesjms/fsr098
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发表时间：
2011-09-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Reid, Dave G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fitzpatrick, Mike;Graham, Norman;Reid, Dave G.
基于结果的管理要求结果可以由行业证明，并由代表社会的管理者验证。核心问题是：结果是什么？如何证明这些结果？审查了现有的扭转举证责任的渔业方法，重点是如何证明证据。结果可以在原地（在船上）或非原地（在种群或生态系统水平）测量。就地测量是可取的，因为它们可以直接测量，尽管它们可能是侵入性的和昂贵的。迁地结果只能在难以将其归因于具体管理措施的尺度上观察到，或者它们可能受到外部因素的影响。就工业界如何承担举证责任的问题，评估了捕鱼造成的三个主要环境影响。船舶监测系统和底栖生物影响模型的联合使用可能为管理渔业对底栖生物的影响问题提供一个实际的解决办法。根据撤销举证责任的可行性，对三个爱尔兰渔场进行了评估。工业界承担举证责任的程度是有限的，共同承担举证责任的概念可能更为现实。
Results-based management requires that outcomes can be demonstrated by industry and verified by managers on behalf of society. The core questions are: what outcomes, and how can they be proved? Existing fishery approaches to reversing the burden of proof are examined with focus on how proof is demonstrated. Outcomes can be measured in situ (on the vessel) or ex situ (at the stock or ecosystem level). In situ measures are preferable because they give direct measurements, although they can be invasive and costly. Ex situ results are only observable on scales that make it difficult to attribute them to specific management measures, or they may be influenced by external factors. Three main environmental impacts caused by fishing are assessed with respect to how industry can assume the burden of proof. The combined use of vessel-monitoring systems and benthic-impact models may offer a practical solution to the problem of managing fishery impacts on the benthos. Three Irish fisheries are assessed in terms of the feasibility of reversing the burden of proof. There are limits to the extent to which industry can assume the burden of proof, and the concept of sharing the burden of proof could be more realistic.