History of the methamphetamine problem
History of the methamphetamine problem
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DOI：
10.1080/02791072.2000.10400221
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发表时间：
2000-04-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Dawud-Noursi, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Anglin, MD;Burke, C;Dawud-Noursi, S
甲基苯丙胺（Methamphetamine），又称冰毒、水晶或速度，是一种中枢神经系统兴奋剂，可以注射、吸食、鼻吸或口服；长期大量使用会导致依赖性。甲基苯丙胺 (MA) 是安非他明的衍生物，在 20 世纪 50 年代和 1960 年代被广泛用作治疗抑郁症和肥胖症的药物，1967 年在美国达到了 3100 万张处方的峰值。直到 20 世纪 80 年代末，非法使用和制造 MA 仍是加利福尼亚州的地方病，但 MA 使用者群体最近在性质和区域分布上有所扩大，中西部各州的使用量有所增加。据估计，有 470 万美国人（占美国人口的 2.1%）曾在一生中的某个时期尝试过 MA。使用 MA 对健康的短期和长期影响包括中风、心律失常、胃痉挛、颤抖、焦虑、失眠、偏执、幻觉和大脑结构变化。 MA 滥用者的孩子面临被忽视和虐待的风险，孕妇使用 MA 可能导致生长迟缓、早产、新生儿发育障碍以及儿童持久的认知缺陷。与 MA 相关的死亡和入院急诊室的人数正在增加。尽管住院治疗可能适合治疗长期 MA 依赖的严重病例，但 MA 滥用者的最佳治疗依赖于强化门诊环境，至少在前三个月每周进行 3 至 5 次综合咨询。 MA 使用量增加所带来的日益严重的问题必须通过适合各种使用者类型的适当治疗计划来解决。
Methamphetamine, called meth, crystal, or speed, is a central nervous system stimulant that can be injected, smoked, snorted, or ingested orally; prolonged use at high levels results in dependence. Methamphetamine (MA) is a derivative of amphetamine, which was widely prescribed in the 1950s and 1960s as a medication for depression and obesity, reaching a peak of 31 million prescriptions in the United States in 1967. Until the late 1980s, illicit use and manufacture of MA was endemic to California, but the MA user population has recently broadened in nature and in regional distribution, with increased use occurring in midwestern states. An estimated 4.7 million Americans (2.1% of the U.S. population) have tried MA at some time in their lives. Short-and long-term health effects of MA use include stroke, cardiac arrhythmia, stomach cramps, shaking, anxiety, insomnia, paranoia, hallucinations, and structural changes to the brain. Children of MA abusers are at risk of neglect and abuse, and the use of MA by pregnant women can cause growth retardation, premature birth, and developmental disorders in neonates and enduring cognitive deficits in children. MA-related deaths and admissions to hospital emergency rooms are increasing. Although inpatient hospitalization may be indicated to treat severe cases of long-term MA dependence, optimum treatment for MA abusers relies on an intensive outpatient setting with three to five visits per week of comprehensive counseling for at least the first three months. The burgeoning problems of increased MA use must be addressed by adequate treatment programs suitable for a variety of user types.