Evolution of antioxidant defence mechanisms
Evolution of antioxidant defence mechanisms
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DOI：
10.1007/s003940070030
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发表时间：
2000-04-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Benzie, IFF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Benzie, IFF
分解水的代谢能力的代谢优势、劣势、机会和威胁带来了生物系统的增殖，产生了有毒的含氧环境，并负责抗氧化防御机制的发展。进化是由可遗传的适应性驱动的，这些适应性改善了环境的“适应性”。因此，有氧呼吸，使用氧气作为营养物质，在生物系统中占主导地位，防止和中和有毒氧中间体的抗氧化防御机制已经变得广泛，多样，协调和有效。然而，抗氧化剂防御并不是绝对可靠的。在人类中，活性氧引起的损伤与衰老过程以及包括癌症和冠心病在内的慢性疾病有关。有趣的是，一些重要的抗氧化剂，包括抗坏血酸和生育酚，不能由人类合成，必须在饮食中服用。另一种抗氧化剂，尿酸，在人类中的浓度比其他哺乳动物高得多，并且水平也受到饮食的影响。因此，在人类中，抗氧化剂防御有毒的氧中间体是物种特异性的，并严重影响了nutrition.In这篇文章中，大气和代谢的变化，产生的威胁和机会提供了一个含氧环境的概述。概述了氧毒性，并适应氧化应激的抗氧化防御的演变。最后，建议的好处，我们好奇的无法制造抗坏血酸，尿酸在人体抗氧化防御的可能作用，简要讨论了特别是参考营养和毒理学。
The metabolic strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the metabolic ability to split water brought about a proliferation of biological systems, produced a toxic oxygenic environment, and were responsible for the development of antioxidant defence mechanisms. Evolution is driven by heritable adaptations which improve environmental 'fit'. Hence aerobic respiration, using oxygen as a nutrient, came to predominate in biological systems, and antioxidant defence mechanisms which prevent and neutralise toxic oxygen intermediates have become widespread, varied, coordinated and effective. Antioxidant defences are not infallible however. In humans, reactive oxygen species-induced damage is associated with the ageing process, and with chronic diseases including cancer and coronary heart disease. Interestingly, some important antioxidants, including ascorbic acid and the tocopherols, cannot be synthesised by humans and must be taken in the diet. Another antioxidant, uric acid, is found in much higher concentrations in humans than in other mammals, and levels are also affected by diet. In humans, therefore, antioxidant defence against toxic oxygen intermediates is species specific and heavily influenced by nutrition.In this article, the atmospheric and metabolic changes which produced both the threat and opportunity offered by an oxygenic environment are outlined. An overview of oxygen toxicity, and adaptations to oxidative stress in terms of evolution of antioxidant defences, is presented. Finally, suggested benefits underlying our curious inability to manufacture ascorbic acid, and the possible role of uric acid in human antioxidant defence, are briefly discussed with particular reference to nutrition and toxicology.