Historical trends in forager and farmer exchange in the Ituri rain forest of northeastern Zaïre
Historical trends in forager and farmer exchange in the Ituri rain forest of northeastern Zaïre
复制标题
扎伊尔东北部伊图里雨林采集者和农民交流的历史趋势
DOI：
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发表时间：
1993
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
B. Curran
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Wilkie;B. Curran
利用口述历史、档案材料和对当前行为的观察，对扎伊尔东北部伊图里森林中莱塞农民和埃菲采集者的自然资源开采和生存实践进行了很大程度上假设的历史重建。与森林农业的出现、比利时殖民和独立后经济崩溃相关的不同时代导致了当地人口密度、森林资源开发范围以及资源利用的空间分布和强度的变化。从广义上讲，历史上存在着定居、定居点空间聚集、资源开发本地化、森林碳水化合物在饮食中的重要性降低以及对农产品依赖增加的趋势。随着时间的推移，Efe 和 Lese 的交换系统在交易的物品以及每个合作伙伴对交换关系的相对依赖方面发生了变化。参与这个联盟对埃菲的定居模式、饮食甚至繁殖力产生了相当大的影响。它最终使 Lese 处于凌驾于 Efe 之上的地位，并为农民提供了进入短暂货币经济的手段。通过对埃菲和莱斯生存的回顾，我们希望证明，要破译这种当代交换关系的相对利益和限制，我们必须了解它们的历史病因。
Using oral histories, archival materials, and observations of present behavior, a largely hypothetical historical reconstruction of the natural resource exploitation and subsistence practices of Lese farmers and Efe foragers in the Ituri Forest of northeastern Zaïre is presented. Distinct epochs associated with the advent of forest agriculture, Belgian colonization, and post-independence economic collapse have resulted in changes in local population density, the range of forest resources exploited, and the spatial distribution and intensity of resource use. Broadly speaking, there has been a historical trend toward sedentism, spatial clumping of settlements, localization of resource exploitation, reduced importance of forest carbohydrates in the diet, and an increased reliance on agricultural products. Over time the Efe and Lese exchange system has changed, in relation to the items traded and the relative dependence of each partner on the exchange relationship. Involvement in this alliance has had a considerable impact on Efe settlement pattern, diet, and probably fecundity. It ultimately placed the Lese in a position of power over the Efe, and provided the farmers with means to enter a transient monetary economy. By providing a retrospective on Efe and Lese subsistence, we hope to demonstrate that to decipher the relative benefits and constraints of this contemporary exchange relationship, we must understand their historical etiology.