DIFFERENTIATION OF POPULATIONS
DIFFERENTIATION OF POPULATIONS
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DOI：
10.1126/science.165.3899.1228
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发表时间：
1969-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
RAVEN, PH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
EHRLICH, PR;RAVEN, PH
大多数当代生物学家认为物种是由基因流动维系在一起的进化单位。例如，Mayr(1)写道：“生物物种的非任意性是……基因库的内部凝聚力。”Merrell(2)指出：“物种是一个自然的生物单位，通过交配和共享共同的基因库联系在一起。”这一观点是建立在Dobzhansky， Mayr， Stebbins等人的开创性工作中，他们将群体遗传学理论与实验室和实地实验和观察结合起来，产生了新达尔文主义或综合进化论。这些研究人员很有逻辑地得出结论，种群的分化会被基因流动所阻止，他们把讨论的重点放在了打断基因流动的各种方法上。换句话说，他们强调了将种群彼此隔离的机制的作用。直到最近，几乎没有理由质疑这种观点。然而，在过去的几年里，来自实地实验的越来越多的证据使我们重新评估导致生物多样性的过程，并得出结论，对进化论的这一部分进行修订是有必要的。在这篇论文中，我们认为许多（如果不是大多数的话）物种不是进化单位，除非它们（像属、科等）是进化的产物。我们将论证，选择是进化中主要的凝聚力和破坏性力量，选择机制本身决定了基因流动（或分离）将产生什么样的影响。对此提出了三个证据。我们将证明：(1)基因在自然界中的流动比通常认为的要受限制得多；（ii）人口已经完全
Most contemporary biologists think of species as evolutionary units held together by gene flow. For instance Mayr (1) writes" The nonarbitrariness of the biological species is the result of... internal cohesion of the gene pool." Merrell (2) states" The species is a nat-ural biological unit tied together by bonds of mating and sharing a common gene pool." This idea is founded in the pioneering work of Dobzhansky, Mayr, Stebbins, and others integrating the theory of population genetics with laboratory and field experiments and observations to produce the neo-Darwinian or synthetic theory of evolution. These workers quite logically concluded that differentiation of populations would be prevented by gene flow, and they focused their discussions of speciation on various means of interrupting that flow. In other words, they empha-sized the role of mechanismsisolating populations fromone another. Until quite recently there has been little rea-son to question thisview. In the past few years, however, growing evidence from field experiments has led us to reevaluate the processes leading to or-ganic diversity, and to conclude that a revision of this section of evolutionary theory is in order.In this paperwe suggest that many, if not most, species are not evolutionary units, except in the sense that they (like genera, families, and so forth) are prod-ucts of evolution. We will argue that selection is both the primary cohesive and disruptive force in evolution, and that the selective regime itself determines what influence gene flow (or iso-lation) will have. Threefold evidence is presented for this. We will show that (i) gene flow innature is much more restricted than commonly thought;(ii) populations that have been completely