Racial and Ethnic Preferences in College Admissions
Racial and Ethnic Preferences in College Admissions
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大学招生中的种族和民族偏好
DOI：
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发表时间：
1998
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Thomas J. Kane
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文献类型：
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作者：
Thomas J. Kane
大学招生委员会，而不是市场，决定了许多最挑剔的美国大学的入学资格。随着劳动力市场对大学教育的回报上升，精英大学的入学竞争变得更加激烈，大学录取中的种族偏好变得越来越有争议，尤其是在公立院校。1996年春，第五巡回上诉法院大幅缩小了在其管辖范围内决定大学录取与否时使用种族因素的范围，最高法院随后拒绝审查这一裁决。第二年秋天，加州选民通过了一项提案，结束了在州立大学招生中使用种族和民族偏好的做法。其他一些州也在重新考虑种族和民族在招生和经济援助中的作用。一些人将等待最高法院澄清涉及的法律问题，但有些人可能不会由于大学将其录取程序笼罩在神秘之中，公众对种族偏好的实施程度知之甚少。人们对这种偏好对黑人和白人青年后来的职业生涯的影响所知甚少。本文使用从1982年高中班级收集的数据来探讨这些问题。第一部分使用高中及以上（HSB）调查来分析20世纪80年代初种族对大学录取决定的重要性。它表明，种族偏好仅限于“精英”学院和大学，即所有四年制大学中最具学术选择性的五分之一
College admissions committees, not markets, ration access to many of the most selective U.S. colleges. As the labor market payoff to a college education has risen and competition for admission to elite universities has become more keen, racial preference in college admissions has become increasingly controversial, particularly at public institutions. In the spring of 1996 the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals dramatically narrowed the latitude to use race in determining admissions to colleges within its jurisdiction, and the Supreme Court subsequently refused to review this decision. The following fall, voters in California approved a proposal to end the use of racial and ethnic preferences in admissions to state institutions. A number of other states are also reconsidering the role of race and ethnicity in admissions and financial aid. Some will wait for the Supreme Court to clarify the legal issues at stake, but some may not.1 Because colleges shroud their admissions procedures in mystery, the public knows little about the extent to which racial preference is practiced. Even less is known about the impact of such preferences on the later careers of black and white youth. This Article explores these questions using data collected from the high school class of 1982. Part I uses the High School and Beyond (HSB) survey to analyze the importance of race to college admission decisions in the early 1980s. It shows that racial preference is confined to "elite" colleges and universities, namely, the most academically selective fifth of all four-year institutions, where scores