Male takeover, infanticide, and female countertactics in white-headed leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus leucocephalus)
Male takeover, infanticide, and female countertactics in white-headed leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus leucocephalus)
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DOI：
10.1007/s00265-011-1163-9
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发表时间：
2011-08-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Pan, Wenshi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zhao, Qing;Borries, Carola;Pan, Wenshi
雄性杀婴在哺乳动物中很常见，比如灵长类动物，它们的哺乳期比妊娠期长得多。它经常发生在雄性接管后的一个雄性群体中，可能是一种雄性繁殖策略。据报道，雌性的对策包括婴儿突然断奶，分散或父亲混淆。在这里，我们根据断奶年龄和生育间隔估计了女性反击策略的成本。1995-2006年，我们在中国农关自然保护区观察了以单雄性为主的白头叶猴种群。收购（N=11）与受孕高峰期重合。详细的数据显示，有5起案件（34名女性、29名婴儿和47名年龄组）导致6名婴儿失踪（占婴儿死亡率的42.9%）。所有假定的杀婴行为都符合性别选择假说。接管后，没有幼崽或有老幼崽的雌性留在新雄性身边，不产生成本或成本很低（通过突然断奶）。有幼崽的雌性与年老的雄性分散的成本也很低。怀孕的雌性和有幼崽的雌性与新雄性生活在一起所产生的高成本（由于婴儿的损失）表明父权没有混淆。尽管幼崽存活了下来，但雌性和老雄性一起离开，后来加入新雄性的生育间隔时间长，成本也很高。女性对策反映了以婴儿年龄为中介的女性哲学。可能是由于收购的季节性时机，大多数反策略似乎都是成功的，因为32.3%的女性显然没有成本，41.2%的女性只产生了低成本。
Infanticide by males is common in mammalian species such as primates in which lactation lasts much longer than gestation. It frequently occurs in one-male groups following male takeovers and is likely a male reproductive strategy. Reported female countertactics include abrupt weaning of infants, dispersal, or paternity confusion. Here, we estimated costs of female countertactics in terms of weaning ages and interbirth intervals. We observed a population of white-headed leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in Nongguan Nature Reserve, China (1995-2006) mainly composed of one-male groups. Takeovers (N=11) coincided with the peak conception period. Detailed data are presented for five takeovers (34 females, 29 infants, and 47 group-years) leading to six infant disappearances (42.9% of infant mortality). All presumed infanticides were in accordance with the sexual selection hypothesis. Following a takeover, females without infants or with old infants stayed with the new males, incurring no or low costs (via abrupt weaning). Females with young infants dispersing with the old males also experienced low costs. High costs (due to infant loss) were incurred by pregnant females and those with young infants who stayed with the new males indicating that paternity was not confused. Costs in terms of long interbirth intervals were also high for females leaving with the old males to later join the new males, despite infant survival. Female countertactics reflected female philopatry mediated by infant age. Presumably due to the seasonal timing of takeovers, most countertactics seemed successful given that 32.3% of females apparently incurred no costs and 41.2% incurred only low costs.