THINKING BEYOND DEVELOPMENT: THE FUTURE OF POST-DEVELOPMENT THEORY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
THINKING BEYOND DEVELOPMENT: THE FUTURE OF POST-DEVELOPMENT THEORY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
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超越发展的思考：后发展理论在南非的未来
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发表时间：
2007
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通讯作者：
Stefan Andreasson
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作者：
Stefan Andreasson
本文考察了后发展理论如何为当前关于发展的辩论以及寻找二战后发展范式的替代方案提供信息。除了极少数例外，全球经济增长和越来越多地利用人类和自然环境谋利，并没有在后殖民社会产生以任何方式可持续的广泛的社会经济发展。文章首先概述了后发展理论的核心原则，它们是如何被发展界的批评者拒绝和边缘化的，以及将基于不断增长的增长、积累和消费的后发展理念转化为实际政治和政策的难度。然而，这是一项紧迫的任务：人们认为非洲在发展和解放方面极大地未能应对独立后的挑战，这导致非洲大陆的学术和流行评论中都出现了一种令人衰弱的“非洲悲观主义”。由于外部强加的解决非洲不发达问题的办法由于各种原因被认为是失败的，发展后理论构成了一个概念和理论载体，通过它可以出现改善福祉以及应对非洲社会全球化压力的新办法。这篇论文继续讨论了南部非洲的价值体系ubuntu如何可以作为一个中心概念，围绕它组织一场关于如何超越发展的辩论。要超越传统发展的局限，需要作出真正的共同努力，重新想象和重新创造更美好未来的目标和愿望，并找到解决现代发展运动所造成的两种主要形式的疏远的办法：人与自然的疏远和人与彼此的疏远。最后，本文件审议了后发展理论如何成为就现代发展模式的替代办法开展更大的“南南”对话的基础。
This paper examines how post-development theory can inform current debates on development and the search for alternatives to the post-WWII development paradigm. With few exceptions, global economic growth and increasing exploitation of human and natural environments for profit has not produced broad-based socioeconomic development in post-colonial societies that is any way sustainable. The paper begins by outlining central tenets of post-development theory, how they have been rejected and marginalized by critics in the development community, and the difficulty of translating the post-development idea of moving away from development based on ever-increasing growth, accumulation and consumption into actual politics and policy. This is however an urgent task: what is perceived as the great failure of Africa to live up to its post-independence challenge in terms of development and emancipation has resulted in a debilitating ‘Afro-pessimism’ in both scholarly and popular commentaries on the continent. As externally imposed solutions to underdevelopment in Africa have for a variety of reasons been considered failures, post-development theory constitutes a conceptual and theoretical vessel through which new solutions for improving well-being, as well as coping with the pressures of globalization in African societies, can emerge. The paper continues by considering how the Southern African value system ubuntu can serve as a central concept around which to organize a debate on how to move ‘beyond development’. Moving beyond the confines of orthodox development requires a genuinely communal effort to re-imagine and reinvent goals and aspirations for a better future, as well as finding a resolution to the two key forms of alienation experienced as a result of the modern drive to develop: the alienation of man from nature and the alienation of human beings from each other. Finally the paper considers how post-development theory could form the basis for a greater ‘South-South’ dialogue on alternatives to the modern development paradigm.