Virological Quality of Irrigation Water Sources and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus and Tobacco Mosaic Virus as Index of Pathogenic Virus Contamination Level
Virological Quality of Irrigation Water Sources and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus and Tobacco Mosaic Virus as Index of Pathogenic Virus Contamination Level
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s12560-017-9324-2
复制
发表时间：
2018-03-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Haramoto, Eiji
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shrestha, Sadhana;Shrestha, Shankar;Haramoto, Eiji
灌溉水是新鲜农产品病原体污染的门户。我们定量了致病病毒 [人类腺病毒、基因组 I 和 II 的诺如病毒、A 组轮状病毒、爱知病毒 1 (AiV-1)、肠道病毒 (EnVs) 和唾液病毒 (SaliV)]，并检查了潜在指标病毒 [JC 和 BK 多瘤病毒（JCPyVs 和 BKPyVs）、辣椒轻度斑驳病毒 (PMMoV) 和烟草花叶病毒(TMV)] 尼泊尔加德满都谷地的灌溉水源。于 2014 年 9 月以及 2015 年 4 月和 2015 年 8 月收集了河流、污水、废水处理厂 (WWTP) 流出物、池塘、运河和地下水样品。使用负电膜涡流方法浓缩病毒，并使用基于 TaqMan (MGB) 的定量 PCR (qPCR) 测定法进行定量，以鼠诺如病毒作为分子过程控制，以确定提取-逆转录-qPCR 效率。测试的致病病毒普遍存在，最高浓度为5.5-8.8 log(10)拷贝/L，并且EnV、SaliV和AiV-1的丰度更高。河水中的病毒浓度与污水中的病毒浓度相当。研究发现，运河、池塘和地下水样本的污染程度低于河流、污水和污水处理厂废水。大多数病毒的季节依赖性非常明显，在旱季达到峰值浓度。 JCPyVs和BKPyVs的检出率和与病原病毒的对应性较差。相反，经常提出的 PMMoV 和新提出的 TMV 强烈预测病原体污染水平，特别是在旱季。我们建议利用运河、池塘和地下水进行灌溉，以尽量减少对健康的有害影响，并建议将 PMMoV 和 TMV 作为阐明环境样本中致病病毒水平的指标。
Irrigation water is a doorway for the pathogen contamination of fresh produce. We quantified pathogenic viruses [human adenoviruses, noroviruses of genogroups I and II, group A rotaviruses, Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), enteroviruses (EnVs), and salivirus (SaliV)] and examined potential index viruses [JC and BK polyomaviruses (JCPyVs and BKPyVs), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)] in irrigation water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. River, sewage, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, pond, canal, and groundwater samples were collected in September 2014, and in April and August 2015. Viruses were concentrated using an electronegative membrane-vortex method and quantified using TaqMan (MGB)-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays with murine norovirus as a molecular process control to determine extraction-reverse transcription-qPCR efficiency. Tested pathogenic viruses were prevalent with maximum concentrations of 5.5-8.8 log(10) copies/L, and there was a greater abundance of EnVs, SaliV, and AiV-1. Virus concentrations in river water were equivalent to those in sewage. Canal, pond, and groundwater samples were found to be less contaminated than river, sewage, and WWTP effluent. Seasonal dependency was clearly evident for most of the viruses, with peak concentrations in the dry season. JCPyVs and BKPyVs had a poor detection ratio and correspondence with pathogenic viruses. Instead, the frequently proposed PMMoV and the newly proposed TMV were strongly predictive of the pathogen contamination level, particularly in the dry season. We recommend utilizing canal, pond, and groundwater for irrigation to minimize deleterious health effects and propose PMMoV and TMV as indexes to elucidate pathogenic virus levels in environmental samples.