Physical exercise and brain functions in older adults.
Physical exercise and brain functions in older adults.
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DOI：
10.1155/2013/197326
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Liu-Ambrose T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bherer L;Erickson KI;Liu-Ambrose T
研究表明，有规律的身体活动可以帮助维持和增强老年人的大脑功能。然而，我们仍然不知道体力活动如何影响认知能力下降的速度。一个主要的问题是，广义的体育活动（即涉及身体运动和骨骼肌使用的日常生活的一部分）或结构化的锻炼（即有计划，有组织，有目的地改善身体健康的体育活动）是否会在预防与年龄相关的认知能力下降方面产生相同的益处。需要更多的研究来了解身体活动提供的变化或保护水平，这种变化发生的基本机制，以及尽管有慢性疾病和神经或老年综合征，身体活动是否有益。这期特刊展示了原创性的研究结果，这些结果为体育锻炼是一种有效的非药物方法的概念提供了额外的支持，这种方法可用于增强和维持健康老年人和轻度认知障碍患者的认知功能。在一篇论文中，我们提出了一个简短的回顾运动对老年人，体弱患者，轻度认知障碍和痴呆症的认知的主要影响。该特刊的另一篇论文带来了这方面的重要知识。LS Nagamatsu等人表明，体育活动有助于改善可能患有轻度认知障碍的老年人的语言和空间记忆。在这项研究中，86名年龄在70-80岁之间，有主观记忆问题的女性完成了为期6个月的三种干预措施之一：阻力训练，有氧训练或平衡和音调（对照）。两个运动组的记忆表现都有显著改善，而对照组则没有。这期特刊的一项原创研究探讨了游泳对老年人认知的好处。A. Abou-Dest等人比较了三组16名志愿者（年轻人、久坐的老年人和经常练习游泳的老年人）的认知任务。他们报告说，在老年人中，经常游泳与执行功能的更好表现有关，但与信息处理速度无关。在D。Predovan等人与对照组相比，训练组显示出体能的显著改善和Stroop表现的增强，但仅在抑制/转换条件下，并且训练方案诱导的有氧能力的增加与后测Stroop任务的抑制/转换条件下的反应时间呈负相关。重要的是，报告的认知能力的提高是在仅仅三个月的体育训练后观察到的。身体锻炼和认知之间复杂的相互作用也让人质疑运动和步态对老年人认知的影响。P. Plummer-D 'Amato等人在对这一特刊的投稿中讨论了这一问题。研究步态困难和认知任务困难如何影响衰老中的认知运动干扰，他们发现步态任务困难影响步态速度的双重任务效应，特别是在老年人中，
Studies suggest that regular physical activity can help maintain and enhance brain functions in older adults. However, we still do not understand how physical activity impacts the rate of cognitive decline. One major issue is whether physical activity broadly defined (ie, activity that is part of one’s daily life involving bodily movements and the use of skeletal muscles) or structured exercise (ie, physical activity that is planned, structured, and purposive to improve physical fitness) leads to the same benefits in preventing age-related cognitive decline. More studies are needed to appreciate the level of change or protection provided by physical activity, the basic mechanisms by which this change occurs, and whether physical activity can be beneficial despite chronic medical conditions and neurological or geriatric syndromes. This special issue presents original research results that bring additional support to the notion that physical exercise is an efficient nonpharmaceutical approach that can be used to enhance and maintain cognitive functions in healthy older adults and patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment. In a paper, we propose a brief review of the main impacts of exercise on cognition in older adults, frail patients, and those with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Another paper of this special issue brings important knowledge in this regard. LS Nagamatsu et al. showed that physical activity helps improve verbal and spatial memory in older adults with probable mild cognitive impairment. In this study, eighty-six women aged 70–80 years with subjective memory complaints completed one of three interventions for 6 months: resistance training, aerobic training, or balance and tone (control). Both exercise groups showed significant improvements in memory performance, which was not observed in controls. An original study of this special issue explored the benefits of swimming on cognition in older adults. A. Abou-Dest et al. compared three groups of sixteen volunteer participants (young adults, sedentary older adults, and older adults who regularly practice swimming) on a battery of cognitive tasks. They reported that in older adults, regular swimming was related to better performance on executive functions but not on information processing speed. The selective benefit of exercise on executive control tasks was also reported after only 3 months of exercise intervention in a study of this special issue by D. Predovan et al. compared to controls, the training group showed significant improvements in physical capacity and enhanced Stroop performance, but only in the inhibition/switching condition, and the increase in aerobic capacity induced by the training regimen correlated negatively with reaction time in the inhibition/switching condition of the Stroop task at posttest. Importantly, the reported gains in cognitive performance were observed after only three months of physical training. The complex interaction between bodily exercise and cognition also calls into question the impact that mobility and gait might have on cognition in older adults. P. Plummer-D’Amato et al. addressed this issue in a contribution to this special issue. Studying how gait difficulty and cognitive task difficulty impact cognitive-motor interference in aging, they showed that gait task difficulty influences dual-task effects on gait speed, especially in older