Historical legacies accumulate to shape future biodiversity in an era of rapid global change
Historical legacies accumulate to shape future biodiversity in an era of rapid global change
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DOI：
10.1111/ddi.12312
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发表时间：
2015-05-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Richardson, David M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Essl, Franz;Dullinger, Stefan;Richardson, David M.
生物多样性对变化的环境强迫的反应通常具有相当大的时滞（=弛豫时间）。虽然物种出现和丰度的变化可能会产生连锁效应（例如对其他营养级物种、基因、群落结构和生态系统进程），但目前针对生物多样性滞后对策的概念仅限于影响少数生物多样性组成部分的单一驱动因素（例如物种数量或种群规模方面的灭绝债务）。很少有人注意到时滞现象的相互作用和累积性质。在这里，我们综合目前的知识，机制和影响的延迟生物多样性的反应，并提出了一个累积的生物多样性滞后框架“，其目的是整合滞后的生物organization.LocationGlobal的各个组成部分的反应。ResultsEffects的环境强迫的变化被传输沿着一系列的联系因果关系，作用于不同的生物多样性组成部分（如个人，种群，物种，社区）。我们发现，滞后的环境强迫的反应是由不同的机制（如集合种群动态，扩散限制，演替动态），顺序操作这些中间环节。滞后体现在各自的生物多样性组成部分，随时间的推移而变化;因此，一个焦点系统的完整弛豫时间将取决于不同滞后的总长度。我们阐明的关键机制和情况下，可能会导致累积滞后的反应，并提出研究途径，以提高对累积生物多样性lags.Main conclusionsThe未能充分考虑到广泛的累积时间滞后往往掩盖了生物多样性变化的全部程度，已经被触发。与人类生计特别相关的影响（例如生态系统服务提供方面的变化）可能出现最明显的延迟。因此，审议适当的时间尺度应成为科学政策互动机制今后工作的一个关键议题。
AimBiodiversity responses to changing environmental forcing on species are often characterized by considerable time-lags (=relaxation times). Although changes to the occurrence and abundance of species likely have cascading effects (e.g. on species of other trophic levels, genes, community structure and ecosystem processes), current concepts addressing lagged biodiversity responses are limited to single drivers affecting a few biodiversity components (e.g. extinction debt in terms of species numbers or population size). Little attention has been paid to the interacting and cumulative nature of time-lag phenomena. Here, we synthesize current knowledge, mechanisms and implications of delayed biodiversity responses and propose a cumulative biodiversity lags-framework' which aims to integrate lagged responses of various components of biological organization.LocationGlobal.ResultsEffects of change in environmental forcing are transmitted along a series of linked cause-effect relationships which act on different biodiversity components (e.g. individuals, populations, species, communities). We show that lagged responses to environmental forcing are caused by different mechanisms (e.g. metapopulation dynamics, dispersal limitation, successional dynamics), which operate sequentially on these intermediary links. Lags manifest themselves on the respective biodiversity component which changes over time; the full relaxation time of a focal system will therefore depend on the aggregate length of different lags. We elucidate key mechanisms and circumstances which are likely to cause cumulative lagged responses, and propose research avenues to improve understanding of cumulative biodiversity lags.Main conclusionsThe failure to give adequate consideration to widespread cumulative time-lags often masks the full extent of biodiversity changes that have already been triggered. Effects that are particularly relevant for human livelihoods (e.g. changes in the provision of ecosystem services) may emerge with the most pronounced delay. Accordingly, the consideration of appropriate temporal scales should become a key topic in future work at the science-policy interface.