Taking a second look: climate change, periodic relicensing and improved management of dams
Taking a second look: climate change, periodic relicensing and improved management of dams
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重新审视：气候变化、定期重新颁发许可证和改进水坝管理
DOI：
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Joerg Hartmann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Pittock;Joerg Hartmann
水坝影响着世界各地的河流和其他淡水生态系统。许多水坝的结构性能和服务交付很少得到评估；许多都是不安全的，不再提供设计的好处。气候变化引起的水文变化需要对基础设施的安全和运行进行评估。这为大坝的改造或拆除重新获得许可创造了机会，使其安全，最大限度地发挥其服务作用，并最大限度地减少社会和环境影响。我们研究了来自澳大利亚（新南威尔士州）、中国、法国和美国的大坝重新评估案例，这些案例说明了以下几点：大坝老化和不安全带来的管理挑战；改善环境、社会和经济效益的未实现机会；以及库存和重新许可系统的好处。确定了优化水基础设施性能的理想监管体系的关键要素，包括由一个独立的监管机构监督的所有基础设施的定期（有时间限制的）重新颁发许可证，该机构将通过一个透明的过程，让公众参与，做出符合公众利益的决定。每座大坝都有一个明确的所有者，必须采用最先进的技术，最大限度地提高安全、社会经济和环境效益。大坝改造可以最大限度地减少当前的非气候影响，改善水生野生动物的迁徙，甚至减轻一些气候对淡水生物群的影响。
Dams affect rivers and other freshwater ecosystems around the world. The structural performance and service delivery of many dams has seldom been assessed; many are unsafe and no longer deliver designed benefits. Changes in hydrology from climate change will require assessment of safety and operations of infrastructure. This creates an opportunity during relicensing for modification or removal of dams to render them safe, maximise their services and minimise social and environmental impacts. We examined case studies of reassessment of dams from Australia (New South Wales), China, France and the United States that illustrated the following: the management challenge of aging and unsafe dams; unrealised opportunities to improve environmental, social and economic benefits; and the benefits of inventory and relicensing systems. Key elements of an ideal regulatory system to optimise water infrastructure performance are identified, comprising periodic (time-limited) relicensing of all infrastructure overseen by an independent regulatory agency that would take decisions in the public interest through a transparent process, involving public participation. Each dam would have an identified owner who must apply best-available technologies to maximise safety, socioeconomic and environmental performance. Dam renovation could minimise current non-climate impacts, improve migration of aquatic wildlife and even attenuate some climate impacts on freshwater biota.