Barriers to equity in REDD plus : Deficiencies in national interpretation processes constrain adaptation to context
Barriers to equity in REDD plus : Deficiencies in national interpretation processes constrain adaptation to context
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envsci.2018.06.009
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发表时间：
2018-10-01
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
Schroeder, Heike
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dawson, Neil M.;Mason, Michael;Schroeder, Heike
需要有一个涉及不同行动者和利益的国家解释过程，以便将全球环境倡议转变为适合国家或国家以下一级情况的政策。这些本地化规范的过程是制定公平的环境保护途径的关键空间，但却受到政策制定者和研究人员的有限关注。我们从“中间人”、国家和民间社会行为者的角度探讨了乌干达和尼泊尔减少毁林和退化所致排放量（REDD +）的国家政策进程，这些行为者在国家以下和国家范围内促进各种利益相关者群体的利益。通过智囊团会议和对一系列中介机构的半结构化访谈，我们发现，这两个国家的REDD +实施过程都由国际参与者主导，采用了苛刻的行政议程，限制了审议空间。因此，政策的社会方面被分割开来，沦为技术工作，国家降排+政策没有充分解决地方公平问题。例如，社会保障办法被认为缺乏促进公平的实质性准则。批评政府政策的国家政治空间有限，对相关证据缺乏关注，进一步限制了解决根深蒂固的不公正现象的能力，如边缘化群体面临的地位不平等。尽管民间社会组织选择保持对REDD +的官方参与，但许多人表示，他们将来可能会反对REDD +，或对其设计和预期成果表示严重怀疑。关注的重点是，土著人民和地方社区的价值观、身份、习俗和机构，如习惯保有权制度，得不到承认，同时可能对尼泊尔已确立和乌干达正在出现的分散式森林治理制度产生有害影响。我们建议REDD +政策中应包含的特征，以调整国家解释程序，使其成为更有效的空间，使不同的中介机构能够谈判和影响国际规范的本地化，最终促进更公平的途径减少森林砍伐和退化。
A national interpretation process involving diverse actors and interests is required to transform global environmental initiatives into policies appropriate to the national or subnational context. These processes of localising norms are critical spaces to formulate equitable pathways to environmental conservation, yet have received limited attention from policy makers and researchers. We explored national policy processes for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD + ) in Uganda and Nepal from the perspectives of 'intermediaries', state and civil society actors at subnational and national scale who promote the interests of various stakeholder groups. Through think-tank meetings and semi-structured interviews with a range of intermediaries, we uncovered that REDD + implementation processes in both countries are dominated by international actors, applying a demanding administrative agenda and restricting space for deliberation. Consequently, social aspects of policy were compartmentalised, reduced to technical exercises and local equity concerns inadequately addressed in national REDD + policies. For example, social safeguards approaches were perceived to lack substantive guidelines to promote equity. Limited national political space to criticise government policy and lack of attention to relevant evidence further restricted ability to address entrenched injustices such as status inequalities faced by marginalised groups. Although civil society organisations choose to maintain official involvement with REDD + , many expressed a possibility they would oppose REDD + in future, or serious doubts about its design and expected outcomes. Concerns centred on lack of recognition of indigenous peoples' and local communities' values, identities, practices and institutions such as customary tenure systems, alongside possible detrimental impacts to decentralised forest governance regimes, well established in Nepal and emerging in Uganda. We suggest features to be enshrined in REDD + policy for adapting national interpretation processes to become more effective spaces for empowering diverse intermediaries to negotiate and influence localisation of international norms, ultimately to promote more equitable pathways to reduced deforestation and degradation.