Differential place and response learning in horses displaying an oral stereotypy
Differential place and response learning in horses displaying an oral stereotypy
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DOI：
10.1016/j.bbr.2008.12.033
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发表时间：
2009-06
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
M. Parker;S. McBride;E. Redhead;D. Goodwin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Parker;S. McBride;E. Redhead;D. Goodwin
环境和药物引起的刻板印象的神经和行为特征之间存在着显著的相似之处。例如，接触多巴胺激动剂，如安非他明，会导致刻板印象，并导致中脑神经生理学的改变，类似于慢性应激后观察到的变化。在药物诱导的表型中，这些神经变化的另一个行为特征是从反应-结果(R-O)到刺激-反应(S-R)学习的转换速度加快。本实验的目的是考察表现出环境诱导的口述刻板印象的马的R-O和S-R学习。这是通过使用地点/反应范式的变化来实现的。在实验1中，我们发现咬婴儿床的马在经过20次学习试验后显示出“反应”学习，而不咬婴儿床的对照组在整个实验过程中倾向于显示“位置”学习。在实验2中，我们使用了一个改进的程序，在这个过程中，受试者被从不同的起点引入迷宫，并迫使他们总是转向相同的方向。我们发现，咬婴儿的人获得这项任务的速度更快，这再次表明，这一群体正在表现出“反应”学习。最后，在实验3中，我们进行了一项竞技场测试，以确保咬婴儿的人能够“定位”学习。这些结果首次表明，表现出口述刻板印象的马，一种先前与压力诱导的基底神经节紊乱相关的行为表型，优先使用“反应”学习。这些发现与寻找刻板印象的病因学模型有关。
Significant similarities exist between the neural and behavioural features of environmentally and drug-induced stereotypy. For example, exposure to dopamine agonists, such as amphetamine, induces stereotypy and causes alterations in midbrain neurophysiology similar to those observed following chronic stress. An additional behavioural feature of these neural changes in the drug-induced phenotype is an enhanced rate of switching from response-outcome (R-O) to stimulus-response (S-R) learning. The aim of the current experiment was to examine R-O and S-R learning in horses displaying environmentally induced oral stereotypies. This was achieved by employing variations of the place/response paradigm. In Experiment 1, we found that crib-biting horses displayed ‘response’ learning after 20 learning trials, whereas non-crib-biting controls tended to display ‘place’ learning throughout the experiment. In Experiment 2, we used a modified version of the procedure, in which the subjects were introduced to the maze from different start points and forced always to turn the same way. We found that the crib-biters acquired the task at a faster rate suggesting again that this group was displaying ‘response’ learning. Finally, in Experiment 3, we carried out an arena test to ensure that crib-biters were capable of ‘place’ learning. These results are the first to show that horses displaying an oral stereotypy, a behavioural phenotype previously associated with stress-induced perturbations of the basal ganglia, preferentially use ‘response’ learning. The findings are discussed in relation to the search for an aetiological model of stereotypy.