Nuclear terrorism
Nuclear terrorism
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DOI：
10.1097/00000441-200206000-00006
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发表时间：
2002-06-01
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Kellison, T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hogan, DE;Kellison, T
最近发生的事件使人们更加认识到，恐怖主义分子可能利用生物制剂和辐射等非常规武器发动袭击。从历史上看，核风险的哲学一直侧重于全球或战略核交流以及大规模释放所造成的损害。目前，涉及低水平或区域性辐射释放的核事故或恐怖袭击被认为是最有可能发生的事件。到目前为止，已经发生了几起区域性辐射事件，使数十万人暴露在辐射之下，但造成死亡的重大污染事件数量有限。有几种不同类型的放射性粒子，它们的质量、辐射程度和组织穿透程度不同。辐射通过电离作用影响其对生物系统的毒性，电离作用通过产生自由基、破坏化学键以及直接破坏细胞DNA和酶而造成组织损伤。损伤的程度取决于放射性同位素的类型和辐射剂量。超过2至10戈伊的辐射剂量被认为是致命的。对辐射人员伤亡的最佳管理需要了解所受辐射的类型和剂量，认识到辐射病的表现，并使用标准的医疗护理、去污和消毒技术。
Recent events have heightened awareness of the potential for terrorist attacks employing nonconventional weaponry such as biological agents and radiation. Historically, the philosophy of nuclear risk has focused on global or strategic nuclear exchanges and the resulting damage from large-scale releases. Currently, nuclear accidents or terrorist attacks involving low-level or regional release of radiation are considered the most likely events. Thus far, there have been several regional radiation incidents exposing hundreds of thousands of people to radiation, but there have been only a limited number of significant contaminations resulting in death. There are several different types of radioactive particles that differ in mass, extent of radiation emitted, and the degree to which tissue penetration occurs. Radiation affects its toxicity on biological systems by ionization, which creates tissue damage by the generation of free radicals, disruption of chemical bonds, and directly damaging cellular DNA and enzymes. The extent of damage depends on the type of radioisotope and the radiation dose. Radiation doses exceeding 2 to 10 Gy are considered lethal. Optimal management of radiation casualties requires knowledge of the type and dose of radiation received, a recognition of the manifestations of radiation sickness, and the use of standard medical care, decontamination, and decorporation techniques.