A Karst Connection model for Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA
A Karst Connection model for Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA
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DOI：
10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.06.009
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发表时间：
2008-03-15
期刊：
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Buecher, R. H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hill, C. A.;Eberz, N.;Buecher, R. H.
提出了一种新的大峡谷东西部连接模型，该模型考虑了开巴巴拱下的红墙岩溶含水层水沿最陡的水力梯度向西流动，并在前向侵蚀的原西部大峡谷的构造低洼处排放。在大峡谷的东部和西部之间首先建立了喀斯特-含水层的水文联系，然后峡谷的崩塌、切割和向前侵蚀沿着这条地下路线进行。这个提出的模型是基于今天在北部大理石平台发生的情况，那里的红墙- muav含水层仍然完好无损。三个天坑/洞穴Ah Hol Sah， Indian Pit和Black Abyss提供了垂直流向Redwall岩溶含水层的通道，将从Kaiparowits水文盆地排放的水连接到沿Fence Springs系统的科罗拉多河。在时间和空间上向南投射这一过程，我们提出在大约6 Ma时，在科罗拉多河和小科罗拉多河的汇合处存在一个或多个天坑。小科罗拉多河的水，然后向北流到犹他州南部的一个内湖盆地（“格伦湖”），在这个天坑中被盗走，从而导致了大理石峡谷排水系统（倒刺支流）的逆转。然后，从塌陷的天坑向上游的侵蚀继续沿着大理石峡谷和小科罗拉多峡谷进行，大理石峡谷的切口在5.5 Ma左右破坏了格伦湖。这影响了科罗拉多河从科罗拉多到加利福尼亚湾的“最终连接”和完全整合。(C) 2007 Elsevier B.V.版权所有
A new model for the connection of the eastern and western Grand Canyon is proposed that involves westward flow of Redwall karst aquifer water under the Kaibab arch along the steepest hydraulic gradient to discharge at a structural low in a headward-eroding protowestern Grand Canyon. A karst-aquifer hydrological connection was first established between the eastern and western Grand Canyon, then collapse, incision, and headward erosion of the canyon followed this subterranean route. This proposed model is based on what is happening today on the northern Marble Platform where the Redwall-Muav aquifer is still intact. The three sinkhole/caves Ah Hol Sah, Indian Pit, and Black Abyss provide vertical flow routes down to the Redwall karst aquifer, joining water discharging from the Kaiparowits hydrologic basin to the Colorado River along the Fence Springs system. Projecting this process back in time and spatially southward, we propose that at around 6 Ma a sinkhole or sinkholes existed at the confluence of the Colorado River with the Little Colorado River. Little Colorado River water, then flowing northward to an interior lake basin ("Glen Lake') in southern Utah, became pirated down this sinkhole(s), thus causing a reversal of drainage (barbed tributaries) in Marble Canyon. Headward erosion then proceeded up Marble and Little Colorado Canyons from the collapsing sinkhole, with Marble Canyon incision breaching Glen Lake at around 5.5 Ma. This effected the "final connection" and total integration of the Colorado River from Colorado to the Gulf of California. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.