Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.
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DOI:
10.1038/nrdp.2017.28
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发表时间:
2017-05-18
期刊:
Nature reviews. Disease primers
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Brodsky RA
Brodsky RA
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Hill A;DeZern AE;Kinoshita T;Brodsky RA

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阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿 (PNH) 是一种克隆性造血干细胞 (HSC) 疾病,表现为溶血性贫血、血栓形成和平滑肌肌张力障碍,在某些情况下还会出现骨髓衰竭。 PNH 是由一个或多个 HSC 克隆中 PIGA(编码磷脂酰肌醇 N-乙酰葡糖胺基转移酶 A 亚基)的体细胞突变引起的。 PIGA 的基因产物是糖基磷脂酰肌醇 (GPI) 锚的生物合成所必需的;因此,PIGA突变导致GPI锚定蛋白的缺乏,例如补体衰变加速因子(也称为CD55)和CD59糖蛋白(CD59),它们都是补体抑制剂。当携带体细胞 PIGA 突变的 HSC 克隆获得生长优势并分化,产生缺乏 GPI 锚定蛋白的成熟血细胞时,就会出现 PNH 的临床表现。 CD55 和 CD59 的缺失使 PNH 红细胞容易发生血管内溶血,从而导致血栓形成以及 PNH 的大部分发病率和死亡率。补体激活引起的过敏毒素(例如 C5a)的积累也可能发挥作用。 PNH 的自然史变化很大,从静止状态到危及生命。治疗策略包括末端补体阻断和骨髓移植。 Eculizumab 是一种单克隆抗体补体抑制剂,非常有效,是唯一获得许可的 PNH 治疗方法。
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) disease that presents with haemolytic anaemia, thrombosis and smooth muscle dystonias, as well as bone marrow failure in some cases. PNH is caused by somatic mutations in PIGA (which encodes phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit A) in one or more HSC clones. The gene product of PIGA is required for the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors; thus, PIGA mutations lead to a deficiency of GPI-anchored proteins, such as complement decay-accelerating factor (also known as CD55) and CD59 glycoprotein (CD59), which are both complement inhibitors. Clinical manifestations of PNH occur when a HSC clone carrying somatic PIGA mutations acquires a growth advantage and differentiates, generating mature blood cells that are deficient of GPI-anchored proteins. The loss of CD55 and CD59 renders PNH erythrocytes susceptible to intravascular haemolysis, which can lead to thrombosis and to much of the morbidity and mortality of PNH. The accumulation of anaphylatoxins (such as C5a) from complement activation might also have a role. The natural history of PNH is highly variable, ranging from quiescent to life-threatening. Therapeutic strategies include terminal complement blockade and bone marrow transplantation. Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody complement inhibitor, is highly effective and the only licensed therapy for PNH.
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