Studying the interactive effects of menthol and nicotine among youth: An examination using e-cigarettes
Studying the interactive effects of menthol and nicotine among youth: An examination using e-cigarettes
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DOI：
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.044
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发表时间：
2017-11-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
O'Malley, Stephanie S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Krishnan-Sarin, Suchitra;Green, Barry G.;O'Malley, Stephanie S.
背景：含有薄荷醇的烟草制品被年轻人广泛使用。我们使用电子烟进行实验评估的独立和相互作用的影响，薄荷醇和尼古丁的youth.Procedures：试点化学传感实验与14电子烟用户确定低（几乎察觉不到，0.5%）和高（类似于商业电子液体，3.5%）薄荷醇浓度。60名电子烟使用者被随机分配到尼古丁浓度（0 mg/ml，6 mg/ml，12 mg/ml），并参加了3次实验室会议。在每个阶段中，他们接受分配的尼古丁浓度，沿着三种薄荷醇浓度中的一种，在整个阶段中以随机平衡的顺序（0，0.5%，3.5%），并参与三个固定剂量和一个即兴的抽吸期。尿液中薄荷醇葡萄糖醛酸苷和唾液尼古丁水平验证了薄荷醇和尼古丁暴露。我们检查了电子烟的喜欢/想要和味道，凉爽，刺激作用，尼古丁戒断和即兴使用的变化。（3.5%）相对于没有薄荷醇，（p < 0.001）;有少量证据表明尼古丁 * 薄荷醇相互作用（p = 0.06），当3.5%薄荷醇与12 mg/ml尼古丁组合时，喜欢/想要增加，但不与6 mg/ml尼古丁组合。重要的是，0.5%和3.5%的薄荷醇浓度都显著改善了味道并增加了凉爽感。我们没有观察到尼古丁或薄荷醇相关的变化，在刺激作用，尼古丁戒断症状或ad-lib use.Conclusions：薄荷，即使在非常低的剂量，改变了年轻人的电子烟的吸引力。此外，薄荷醇增强了高尼古丁含量电子烟在年轻人中的积极奖励作用。
Background: Tobacco products containing menthol are widely used by youth. We used e-cigarettes to conduct an experimental evaluation of the independent and interactive effects of menthol and nicotine among youth.Procedures: Pilot chemosensory experiments with fourteen e-cigarette users identified low (barely perceptible, 0.5%) and high (similar to commercial e-liquid, 3.5%) menthol concentrations. Sixty e-cigarette users were randomized to a nicotine concentration (0 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml, 12 mg/ml) and participated in 3 laboratory sessions. During each session, they received their assigned nicotine concentration, along with one of three menthol concentrations in random counterbalanced order across sessions (0, 0.5%, 3.5%), and participated in three fixed dose, and an ad-lib, puffing period. Urinary menthol glucuronide and salivary nicotine levels validated menthol and nicotine exposure. We examined changes in e-cigarette liking/wanting and taste, coolness, stimulant effects, nicotine withdrawal and ad-lib use.Results: Overall, the high concentration of menthol (3.5%) significantly increased e-cigarette liking/wanting relative to no menthol (p < 0.001); there was marginal evidence of nicotine* menthol interactions (p = 0.06), with an increase in liking/wanting when 3.5% menthol was combined with 12 mg/ml nicotine, but not 6 mg/ml nicotine. Importantly, both 0.5% and 3.5% menthol concentrations significantly improved taste and increased coolness. We did not observe nicotine or menthol-related changes in stimulant effects, nicotine withdrawal symptoms or ad-lib use.Conclusions: Menthol, even at very low doses, alters the appeal of e-cigarettes among youth. Further, menthol enhances positive rewarding effects of high nicotine-containing e-cigarettes among youth.