Extreme HBL behavior of Markarian 501 during 2012-猫眼课题宝

DOI：

10.1051/0004-6361/201833704

发表时间：

2018-08

期刊：

Astronomy & Astrophysics

影响因子：

6.5

通讯作者：

中科院分区：

物理与天体物理2区

文献类型：

作者：

M. L. Ahnen;S. Ansoldi;L. A. Antonelli;C. Arcaro;A. Babi'c;B. Banerjee;P. Bangale;U. D. Almeida;J. Barrio;J. Gonz'alez;W. Bednarek;E. Bernardini;A. Berti;W. Bhattacharyya;O. Blanch;G. Bonnoli;R. Carosi;A. Carosi;A. Chatterjee;S. M. Colak;P. Colin;E. Colombo;J. Contreras;J. Cortina;S. Covino;P. Cumani;P. D. Vela;F. Dazzi;A. Angelis;B. Lotto;M. Delfino;J. Delgado;F. D. Pierro;M. Doert;A. Domínguez;D. D. Prester-D.;M. Doro;D. Glawion;M. Engelkemeier;V. Ramazani;A. Fern'andez-Barral;D. Fidalgo;M. V. Fonseca;L. Font;C. Fruck;D. Galindo;R. L'opez;M. Garczarczyk;M. Gaug;P. Giammaria;N. Godinovi'c;D. Góra;D. Guberman;D. Hadasch;A. Hahn;T. Hassan;M. Hayashida;J. Herrera;J. Hose;D. Hrupec;K. Ishio;Y. Konno;H. Kubo;J. Kushida;D. Kuvevzdi'c;D. Lelas;E. Lindfors;S. Lombardi;F. Longo;M. L'opez;C. Maggio;P. Majumdar;M. Makariev;G. Maneva;M. Manganaro;L. Maraschi;M. Mariotti;M. Mart'inez;D. Mazin;U. Menzel;M. Minev;J. Miranda;R. Mirzoyan;A. Moralejo;V. Moreno;E. Moretti;T. Nagayoshi;V. Neustroev;A. 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目标。我们的目标是表征Markarian 501（Mrk 501）的多波长发射，量化能量依赖的变化，研究潜在的多频带相关性，并描述轻子理论场景内的宽带发射的时间演化。方法.我们在2012年3月至7月期间组织了一次多波长运动。利用25台以上的仪器，包括MAGIC、FACT和VERITAS切伦科夫望远镜、Swift和Fermi航天器上的仪器以及GASP-WEBT合作操作的望远镜，获得了极好的时间覆盖。结果Mrk 501在大部分活动中都显示出超过0.2 TeV的超高能量伽马射线通量，是蟹状星云通量（CU）的0.5倍。最高活动发生在2012年6月9日，当VHE通量为1.33 CU时，高能谱分量的峰值被发现在1.22 TeV。X射线和VHE伽马射线的光谱斜率被测量为非常硬，在大多数观测活动中光谱指数< 2，无论X射线和VHE通量如何。这项研究报告了迄今为止测得的最硬的Mrk 501 VHE光谱。发现分数变异性随能量增加而增加，最高变异性发生在VHE。使用完整的数据集，我们发现X射线和VHE波段之间的相关性;然而，如果排除6月9日的耀斑，尽管在整个活动中X射线和VHE波段存在很大的变化，但相关性消失（显著性< 3σ）。结论.前所未有的硬X射线和VHE光谱测量表明，他们的低和高能量的组件达到峰值以上5 keV和0.5 TeV，分别在很大一部分的观测活动，因此，Mrk 501表现得像一个极端的高频峰值耀变体（EHBL）在整个2012年的观测季节。这表明，作为一个EHBL可能不是耀变体的永久特征，而是一种可能随着时间而改变的状态。所获得的数据集表明，Mrk 501的宽带光谱能量分布（SED）及其瞬态演化是非常复杂的，需要在同步加速器自康普顿（SSC）模型的框架内，各种发射区域进行满意的描述。然而，一个区域SSC的情况下，可以成功地描述的SED的部分，其中最大的能量被发射，与电子能量密度和VHE伽马射线活动之间的显着的相关性，这表明，大部分的可变性可以解释由注入的高能电子。所使用的单区域SSC方案再现了所测量的X射线和VHE伽马射线通量之间的行为，并预测随着X射线能量的增加，相关性变得更强。

Aims. We aim to characterize the multiwavelength emission from Markarian 501 (Mrk 501), quantify the energy-dependent variability, study the potential multiband correlations, and describe the temporal evolution of the broadband emission within leptonic theoretical scenarios. Methods. We organized a multiwavelength campaign to take place between March and July of 2012. Excellent temporal coverage was obtained with more than 25 instruments, including the MAGIC, FACT and VERITAS Cherenkov telescopes, the instruments on board the Swift and Fermi spacecraft, and the telescopes operated by the GASP-WEBT collaboration. Results. Mrk 501 showed a very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray flux above 0.2 TeV of ∼0.5 times the Crab Nebula flux (CU) for most of the campaign. The highest activity occurred on 2012 June 9, when the VHE flux was ∼3 CU, and the peak of the high-energy spectral component was found to be at ∼2 TeV. Both the X-ray and VHE gamma-ray spectral slopes were measured to be extremely hard, with spectral indices < 2 during most of the observing campaign, regardless of the X-ray and VHE flux. This study reports the hardest Mrk 501 VHE spectra measured to date. The fractional variability was found to increase with energy, with the highest variability occurring at VHE. Using the complete data set, we found correlation between the X-ray and VHE bands; however, if the June 9 flare is excluded, the correlation disappears (significance < 3σ) despite the existence of substantial variability in the X-ray and VHE bands throughout the campaign. Conclusions. The unprecedentedly hard X-ray and VHE spectra measured imply that their low- and high-energy components peaked above 5 keV and 0.5 TeV, respectively, during a large fraction of the observing campaign, and hence that Mrk 501 behaved like an extreme high-frequency-peaked blazar (EHBL) throughout the 2012 observing season. This suggests that being an EHBL may not be a permanent characteristic of a blazar, but rather a state which may change over time. The data set acquired shows that the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of Mrk 501, and its transient evolution, is very complex, requiring, within the framework of synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) models, various emission regions for a satisfactory description. Nevertheless the one-zone SSC scenario can successfully describe the segments of the SED where most energy is emitted, with a significant correlation between the electron energy density and the VHE gamma-ray activity, suggesting that most of the variability may be explained by the injection of high-energy electrons. The one-zone SSC scenario used reproduces the behavior seen between the measured X-ray and VHE gamma-ray fluxes, and predicts that the correlation becomes stronger with increasing energy of the X-rays.

Extreme HBL behavior of Markarian 501 during 2012

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