Universal equation of state for wave turbulence in a quantum gas
Universal equation of state for wave turbulence in a quantum gas
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DOI：
10.1038/s41586-023-06240-z
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发表时间：
2022-12
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Lena H. Dogra;G. Martirosyan;T. Hilker;Jake A. P. Glidden;Jivr'i Etrych;Alec Cao;Christoph Eigen;Robert P. Smith;Z. Hadzibabic
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文献类型：
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作者：
Lena H. Dogra;G. Martirosyan;T. Hilker;Jake A. P. Glidden;Jivr'i Etrych;Alec Cao;Christoph Eigen;Robert P. Smith;Z. Hadzibabic
博伊尔在1662年观察到，在恒定温度下，气体的体积与压力成反比，这为状态方程(Eos)如何简洁地捕捉多粒子系统的关键性质提供了一个典型的例子。这样的关系现在是平衡热力学的基石。将热力学概念扩展到远离平衡的系统，在各种情况下都是很有兴趣的，包括玻璃，活性物质，，和湍流，但通常是一个悬而未决的问题。在这里，使用均匀的超冷原子玻色气体，我们实验地构造了一个物质波湍流级联的状态方程。在大尺度的连续强迫和小尺度的耗散作用下，气体呈现出一种非热但稳定的状态，其特征是由尺度不变的动量空间能量流所维持的幂律动量分布。我们将动量分布的幅度和潜在的能量通量建立为类平衡态变量，它们由一个不依赖于能量注入或耗散的细节或系统历史的状态方程联系在一起。此外，我们还表明，在很大范围内，相互作用强度和气体密度的状态方程可以按经验相互标度。这导致了一个通用的无量纲状态方程，它为该理论设定了基准，也应该适用于其他湍流系统。
Boyle’s 1662 observation that the volume of a gas is, at constant temperature, inversely proportional to pressure, offered a prototypical example of how an equation of state (EoS) can succinctly capture key properties of a many-particle system. Such relationships are now cornerstones of equilibrium thermodynamics. Extending thermodynamic concepts to far-from-equilibrium systems is of great interest in various contexts, including glasses,, active matter, , –and turbulence, , –, but is in general an open problem. Here, using a homogeneous ultracold atomic Bose gas, we experimentally construct an EoS for a turbulent cascade of matter waves,. Under continuous forcing at a large length scale and dissipation at a small one, the gas exhibits a non-thermal, but stationary, state, which is characterized by a power-law momentum distribution sustained by a scale-invariant momentum-space energy flux. We establish the amplitude of the momentum distribution and the underlying energy flux as equilibrium-like state variables, related by an EoS that does not depend on the details of the energy injection or dissipation, or on the history of the system. Moreover, we show that the equations of state for a wide range of interaction strengths and gas densities can be empirically scaled onto each other. This results in a universal dimensionless EoS that sets benchmarks for the theory and should also be relevant for other turbulent systems.