The biology of activin: recent advances in structure, regulation and function.
The biology of activin: recent advances in structure, regulation and function.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1677/joe-08-0549
复制
发表时间：
2009-07
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Schneyer AL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Xia Y;Schneyer AL
激活素是在20世纪80年代作为一种性腺蛋白被发现的，它刺激垂体促性腺激素释放FSH，并被认为是一种生殖激素。在随后的几十年中，激活素的许多其他活动被描述，并且发现它在几乎所有发育阶段的各种细胞类型中产生。它的信号传导和作用受到细胞内以及细胞外拮抗剂的调节。在过去的5年中，已经取得了一些重要的进展，澄清了我们对信号传导和调节的结构基础的理解，以及激活素在干细胞，胚胎发育和成人中的生物学作用。这些包括与激活素II型受体ActRIIB或与结合蛋白卵泡抑素和卵泡抑素样3（FSTL 3）复合的激活素的结晶，以及激活素在性腺发育、卵泡发育和黄体溶解、胰岛中的β细胞增殖和功能、干细胞自我更新和分化成不同细胞类型以及免疫细胞中的作用的鉴定。这些进展进行了综述，为未来的研究提供了展望。
Activin was discovered in the 1980’s as a gonadal protein that stimulated FSH release from pituitary gonadotropes and was thought of as a reproductive hormone. In the ensuing decades many additional activities of activin were described and it was found to be produced in a wide variety of cell types at nearly all stages of development. Its signaling and actions are regulated intracellularly as well as by extracellular antagonists. Over the past 5 years a number of important advances have been made that clarify our understanding of the structural basis for signaling and regulation, as well as the biological roles of activin in stem cells, embryonic development, and in adults. These include the crystallization of activin in complex with the activin type II receptor ActRIIB, or with the binding proteins follistatin and follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3), and identification of the activin roles in gonadal sex development, follicle development and luteolysis, in β-cell proliferation and function in the islet, in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation into different cell types, and in immune cells. These advances are reviewed to provide perspective for future studies.